27. This is the central insight of Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 111–44 and Part IV; cf. D. Pringle, ‘Churches and Settlement in Crusader Palestine’, Experience of Crusading, ed. Edbury and Phillips, ii, 161–78.
28. C. E. Bosworth, ‘The “Protected Peoples” in Medieval Egypt and Syria’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 62 (1979–80), 11–36.
29. In general, the works of Prawer, Mayer and Riley-Smith; on Jews, J. Prawer, The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Oxford 1988); for Muslim headman, Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 317.
30. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 316; in general, Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.
31. Broadhursts, Ibn Jubayr, p. 322; William of Tyre, History, ii, 214; Fulcher of Chartres, History, p.146.
32. But see B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton 1984), pp. 75–6, note 95; in general pp. 74–83.
33. Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 321–2; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 408–14.
34. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 232; Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, pp. 316–21, 323; Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 175–92, esp. pp. 177–80.
35. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 164, 167–9; Chronique d’Ernoul et de Bernard le Tresorier, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Paris 1871), pp. 82–4; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Samaritans in the Frankish Period’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. XIX, pp. 86–7; J. Drory, ‘Hanbalis of the Nablus Region’, The Medieval Levant: Studies in Memory of Eliyahu Ashtor, ed. B. Z. Kedar and U. L. Udovitch (Haifa 1988), pp. 95–112; E. Sivan, ‘Refugies Syro- palestiniens au temps des croisades’, Revue des Etudes Islamiques, 35 (1967), 138– 40.
36. William of Tyre, History, ii, 20–21, 76–7; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 93–6, 149–50, 159–60, 163–4, 169–70; Kedar, Crusade and Mission, pp. 74–83.
37. Assises des Bourgeois, c. 241, RHC Lois, i, 172; in general, Kedar, ‘Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’.
38. B. Z. Kedar, ‘Gerald of Nazareth’, Franks in the Levant, ed. idem, chap. IV, pp. 55 et seq.; Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks’, pp. 187–92; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 232, 321–3; Rohricht, Regesta regni, no. 502; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 119–20, 125–8; Abbe Martin, ‘Les Premiers Princes croisades et les Syriens jacobites’, Journal asiatique, 12 (1888), 471–90; 13 (1889), 33–79; Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 96–7 and note 38.
39. See the map, Ellenblum, Settlement, p. xviii and passim; D. Pringle, Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1997), esp. pp. 4–5; D. Pringle, The Red Tower (Edinburgh 1986).
40. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 95, 130.
41. Pringle, Red Tower, pp. 58–63; Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships, pp. 103–4, 108–10, 113, 141–3; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 198–204.
42. Ambroise, Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, trans. M. J. Hubert and J. L. Lamonte, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York 1976), ll. 7121–5, p. 281. (Hereafter Ambroise, Crusade of Richard.)
43. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 342 and 343 for Abu Shama’s account of Reynald of Sidon; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 469; iii, 59, 489; for Ibn Shaddad’s account of the bilingual diplomacy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 228– 9.
44. Rohricht, Regesta regni, no. 502; A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa (New York/London 1993), pp. 245–57.
45. For a useful summary, Mayer, Crusades, pp. 189–93 and refs.; and the articles by J. Folda and D. Pringle in J. Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford 1995).
46. De constructione castri Saphet, trans. Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 194, but see n. 7 p. 211; Broadhurst, Ibn Jubayr, p. 322.
47. Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, pp. 169–70.
48. Pringle, Red Tower, p. 178; Cartulaire du Saint-Sepulchre de Jerusalem, no. 117, pp. 237–9; G. A. Loud, ‘Norman Italy and the Holy Land’, Horns of Hattin, ed. Kazar, p. 52 and note 14.
49. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 317 and note 2.
50. Cited by Mayer, Crusades, p. 183 and note 97.
51. See B. Z. Kedar’s comments, Horns of Hattin, pp. 350–53, 359–60, 363 and J. Prawer’s reaction, ibid., esp. pp. 365–6.
52. Cf. Prawer, Latin Kingdom, and Kedar, Crusade and Mission, p. 78.
53. Thietmar, Peregrinatio, Peregrinationes Medii Aevi Quatuor, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig 1873), ii, 37.
8: A New Path to Salvation? Western Christendom and Holy War 1100–1145
1. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei p. 124; Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, v, 39.
2. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 167 and, generally, pp. 144–68; Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, pp. 80–81.
3. H. W. C. Davis, ‘Henry of Blois and Brian FitzCount’, English Historical Review, 25 (1910), 301–3.
4. Chronicon S. Andreae in Castro Cameracesii, ed. L. C. Bethmann, MGH SS, vii (Hanover 1846), 544–5; in general, C. Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’, Studies in Church History, xx, ed. W. J. Shields (Woodbridge 1983), 79–101.
5. Gesta Francorum, pp. 50–56, 66–7; for the First Crusade histories, Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 60–61, 135–52.
6. P. Rousset, Les Origines et les caracteres de la premiere croisade (Geneva 1945); K. Skovgaard-Petersen, A Journey to the Promised Land: Crusading Theology in the Historia de profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (Copenhagen 2001); R. Hiestand, ‘Il cronista medievale e il suo pubblico’, Annali della facolta di lettere e filosofia dell’universita di Napoli, 27 (1984–5), 207–27; Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, ed. Comte Riant, Exuviae Constantinopolitanae, i (Geneva 1877), 60–66, now trans. A. J. Andrea, The Capture of Constantinople (Philadelphia 1997) (hereafter Gunther of Pairis, Capture); Gunther of Pairis, Solymarius, Archives de l’Orient Latin, i (1881), 555–61; for the abbot’s presentation to Frederick I, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001, fol. 1 recto.
7. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 71, cf. pp. 68–9; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon, ed. G. Weitz, PL, 154, col. 987 for 1101 sermon; for 1108 appeal against the Wends, W. Wattenbach, ‘Handschriftliches’, Neues Archiv (1882), vii, 624–6, trans. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–
