33. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 222; William of Tyre, who used Fulcher, removes all mention of non-Latins in his account.
34. S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordship in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1291 (Oxford 1989); cf. the review by H. E. Mayer in Gottingischen Gelehrten Anzeigen, 245 (1993), 59–70.
35. H. E. Mayer, ‘Angevin versus Normans: The New Men of King Fulk of Jerusalem’, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 133 (1989), 1–25.
36. E. de Roziere (ed.), Cartulaire de l’eglise du Saint Sepulchre de Jerusalem, v (Paris 1849), 17, no. 15; in general, H. E. Mayer, ‘The Succession to Baldwin II of Jerusalem’, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 39 (1985), 139–47.
37. William of Tyre, History, ii, 47; as a boy in Jerusalem, William may have seen King Fulk in person.
38. William of Tyre, History, ii, 51.
39. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 169–88.
40. C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago 1988), pp. 50–51; cf. Hamilton, The Leper King, pp. 212–14.
41. P. Edbury and J. G. Rowe, William of Tyre (Cambridge 1988), pp. 61–84.
42. For a summary, J. Folda, ‘Art in the Latin East’, The Oxford History of the Crusades, ed. J. Riley-Smith (Oxford 1999), p. 141.
43. Alexander III, Opera Omnia, PL, 200, col. 1294; Hamilton, The Leper King, passim for a modern positive gloss on Baldwin.
44. William of Tyre, History, ii, 446, 460.
45. R. C. Smail, ‘The Predicaments of Guy of Lusignan 1183–87’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 159–76.
46. B. Z. Kedar, ‘The General Tax of 1183 in the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem’, English Historical Review, 89 (1974), 339–45; William of Tyre, History, ii, 486–7.
7: East is East and East is West: Outremer in the Twelfth Century
1. William of Tyre, History, ii, 397–8; E. Kohlberg and B. Z. Kedar, ‘A Melkite Physician in Frankish Jerusalem and Ayyubid Damascus’, in B. Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant (Aldershot 1993), chap. XII, pp. 113–15; C. Cahen, ‘Indigenes et croises’, Syria, 15 (1934), 351–60; on William of Tyre, Edbury and Rowe, William of Tyre, esp. pp. 1–22 and passim for his historical interpretation.
2. Livres des Assises de la Cour des Bourgeois, c. 241, RHC Lois (Paris 1843), ii, 172.
3. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 245; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 136–7; Richard, The Crusades, pp. 144–5.
4. Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 9, 14–19.
5. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 149–50, 271–2; The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. R. J. C. Broadhurst (London 1952), p. 325; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, p. 170.
6. A. de Barthelemy, ‘Libre Exercise de commerce octroye a un pelerin champanois’, Archives de l’Orient Latin, i (1881), 535–6; in general, Ellenblum, Settlement, passim; cf. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom; idem, ‘Colonization Activities in the Latin Kingdom’, Crusader Institutions (Oxford 1980), pp. 102–42.
7. Le Cartulaire du chapitre du Saint-Sepulchre de Jerusalem, ed. G. Bresc-Bautier (Paris 1984), no. 121, pp. 246–7; Hugh le Poitevin, Chronique de l’abbaye de Vezelay, Monumenta Vizeliacensis, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnhout 1976), pp. 400, 402.
8. H. E. Mayer, ‘Abu’ alis Spuren am Berliner Tiergarten’, Archiv fur Diplomatik, 38 (1992), 132–3; William of Tyre, History, ii, 292–4; note 1 above.
9. Ralph Niger, De Re Militari et Triplici Via Peregrinationis Ierosolimitanae, ed. L. Schmugge (Berlin 1977), pp. 186–7, 193–9; William of Tyre, History, ii, 192–3; for a rehabilitation of Heraclius, B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Patriarch Eraclius’, Outremer, ed. Kedar et al., pp. 177–204.
10. John of Wurzburg, in Jerusalem Pilgrimage, ed. Wilkinson, Hakluyt Society NS 167 (1988), pp. 259, 266; John Phocas, ibid., p. 324.
11. Theoderic, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, ed. Wilkinson, p. 310.
12. C. Kohler, ‘Documents inedits concernant l’Orient Latin et les croisades’, Revue de l’Orient Latin (Paris 1893–1911), vii, 1–9.
13. B. Z. Kedar’s phrase, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’, Muslims under Latin Rule, ed. Powell, p. 174; idem, ‘A Second Incarnation in Frankish Jerusalem’, The Experience of Crusading, ii, ed. P. Edbury and J. Phillips (Cambridge 2003), p. 89.
14. Kemal al-Din, Chronicle of Aleppo, RHC Or., iii (Paris 1884), 597–8.
15. William of Tyre, History, ii, 374–5; the levels of military obligations were derived from lists collected by John of Ibelin in the mid-thirteenth century.
16. On lordships, Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships.
17. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 140 and refs.
18. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 120–71, 215–18, 220–22; for Jerusalem clergy and burgesses, see the witness lists in charters in R. Rohricht, Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (Innsbruck 1893, 1904), passim.
19. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage, pp. 264–5, 267, 273, 319, 330, 335–6.
20. Delaville le Roulx, Cartulaire general de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 399, i, 272–3; Bresc-Bautier, Cartulaire du Saint-Sepulchre, no. 117, pp. 237–9; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp.74–82; Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 119–21, 127–8.
21. Prawer, ‘Colonization’, pp. 140–41 and note 162; Ellenblum, Settlement, pp. 65–8.
22. Barthelemy, ‘Libre Exercise’, pp. 535–6; Ellenblum, Settlement, p. 84 and note 16; C. J. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusades to the Holy Land?’, Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem 1992), pp. 13–26; and, generally, pp. 82–5; Rohricht, Regesta regni, passim.
23. For a summary of legal processes with references to debated aspects, Mayer, The Crusades, chap. 8, pp. 152 et seq.
24. The phrase is Prawer’s, ‘Colonization’, p. 105. For general discussions, Prawer, ‘Colonization’; Ellenblum, Settlement, esp. Part II.
25. Discussed by Prawer, ‘Colonization’, p. 110.
26. Cartulaire general de l’ordre des Hospitaliers, no. 309, i, 222–3.
