42. Epistolae pontificum Romanorum ineditae, ed. Lowenfeld, no. 199, pp. 103–4; R. Hiestand, ‘The Papacy and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. Phillips and Hoch, p. 36; in general, Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades.
43. J. G. Rowe, ‘Paschal II, Bohemund of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 49 (1966), 165–202; for a full account possibly based on eyewitness evidence, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 68–73, 100–104.
44. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 70–71.
45. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 422, 424–34.
46. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, iv, 264–5.
47. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 75–6.
48. For Urban’s post-Clermont letter to the Catalan counts equating Spain and Jerusalem, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 40. See below p. 662.
49. Historia Compostellana, Espana sagrada, ed. H. Florez, xx (Madrid 1791), 428, trans. Riley-Smith, Short History, p. 92; R. Fletcher, ‘Reconquest and Crusade in Spain’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 38 (1987), 31–47. See below, Chapter 20.
50. S. Barton and R. Fletcher, World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester 2000), p. 250.
51. Robert of Ely, De Vita S. Canuti Ducis, pp. 234–41; Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, pp. 165–72.
52. On this affinity, Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 169– 88.
53. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, sub anno 1128, English Historical Documents, ii, p. 195.
54. Historia Ducum Veneticorum, ed. H. Somerfeld, MGH SS, xiv (Hanover 1883), pp. 73–4; Translatio mirifici Martyris Isidori a Chio insula in civitate Venetam, RHC Occ., v, 322–3; William of Tyre, History, i, 548–56; ii, 7– 21.
9: God’s Bargain: Summoning the Second Crusade
1. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p. 271.
2. Gregory the Priest’s Continuation of Matthew of Edessa’s Chronicle, Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades, pp. 243–57; in general, H. A. R. Gibb, ‘Zengi and the Fall of Edessa’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 449–62.
3. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 42 and generally pp. 38–45.
4. E. Sivan, ‘Refugies Syro-palestiniens’, p. 142; Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 115; C. Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”: The Career of Zengi’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2002), pp. 111–32, esp. pp. 120–27.
5. D. S. Richards, ‘Imad al-Din al-Isfahani’, Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (Leiden 1993), pp. 133–46.
6. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 150–61 and, in general, pp. 89– 170; N. Elisseef, ‘The Reaction of the Syrian Muslims after the Foundation of the First Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, Crusaders and Muslims, ed. Shatzmiller, pp. 162–72.
7. Sivan, ‘Refugies Syro-palestiniens’, esp. p. 145; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 69–71, 78–9; 114–15; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 24–5, 27–8.
8. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 108–10.
9. Hillenbrand, Crusades, p. 110–11 and note 35; Hillenbrand, ‘“Abominable Acts”’, p. 122.
10. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 27; Elisseef, ‘Reaction of Syrian Muslims’, pp. 162–6; Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 69, 105–8; Richard, The Crusades, p. 124.
11. Otto of Freising, The Two Cities: A Chronicle of Universal History to the Year 1146 AD, ed. and trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1928), pp. 440–3; R.-J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States, pp. 144–53; P. Magdalino, The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180 (Cambridge 1993), esp. pp. 37–51.
12. E. Caspar, ‘Die Kreuzzugsbullen Eugens III’, Neues Archive der Gesellschaft fur altere Deutsche Geschichtskunde, 45 (1924), 285–305 (text 300–305); J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 57–9.
13. R. W. Southern, ‘England’s First Entry into Europe’, Medieval Humanism and Other Studies (Oxford 1970), p. 147; cf. M. Pacaut, Louis VII et son royaume (Paris 1964), esp. pp. 221–3.
14. Walter Map, De Nugis Curialum, ed. C. N. L. Brooke and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford 1983), pp. 450–51.
15. Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (Columbia 1953), p. 70; Odo of Deuil, De Profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. and trans. V. G. Berry (Columbia 1948), pp. 6–7.
16. Abbreviationes Chronicorum of Ralph of Diceto, Opera historica, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1876), i, 256; A. Grabois, ‘The Crusade of Louis VII’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 94–104.
17. Cartulaire general de l’Yonne, ed. M. Quantin (Auxerre 1854–60), i, 428–9, no. 277; cf. Cartulaire du Chapitre de l’eglise metropolitaine Ste-Marie d’Auch, ed. C. Lacave la Plagne Barris (Paris and Auch 1899), pp. 65–6, no. 64; Archives administratives de la ville de Rheims, ed. P. Varin, i (Paris 1839), 318–20, no. 95.
18. Cartulaire de l’abbaye cardinale de la Trinite de Vende me, ed. C. Metais (Paris 1893–7), ii, 353–5, no. 520.
19. Ralph of Diceto, Opera historia, i, 256–7; De Tributo Floriacensibus imposito, RHGF, xii, 94–5; cf. letter of John abbot of ‘Ferraricensis’ to Suger, RHGF, xv, 497 and Peter the Venerable to Louis VII, RHGF, xv, 641–3.
20. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 20–21.
21. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 6–9; Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 70; in general, W. Williams, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Manchester 1935), pp. 262–88; V. G. Berry, ‘The Second Crusade’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, pp. 463–512 and, especially, G. Constable, ‘The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries’, Traditio, 9 (1953), 213–79.
22. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James, 2nd edn (Stroud 1998), nos. 32, 216, 217, 395, 396; Snoek, Medieval Piety, pp. 114–15.
23. Otto of Freising, Frederick, p. 70.
24. RHGF, xv, 439–40; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 323, to Eugenius III, beginning ‘God forgive you, what have you done?’
25. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–11; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 391; cf. nos. 392–4.
26. Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–9.
27. Ex Chronico Mauriniacensis, RHGF, xii, 88; letter from Bernard’s secretary, Nicholas, to the count and barons of Brittany, RHGF, xv, 607.
28. RHGF, xv, 607.
29. Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 323; for his itinerary,
