God's War: A New History of the Crusades

7.

8. Gaimar, Lestoire des Engleis, ed. T. D. Hardy and C. T. Martin, Rolls Series (London 1888–9), i, 244–5; cf. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), ii, 433, 460, 461.

9. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 352–5.

10. Quoted by Morris, ‘Propaganda for War’, p. 93.

11. D. Denny, ‘A Romanesque Fresco in Auxerre Cathedral’, Gesta, 25 (1986), 197–202.

12. See M. Biddle, Tomb of Christ (Stroud 1999), p. 31.

13. R. L. Crocker, ‘Early Crusade Songs’, The Holy War, ed. T. P. Murphy (Columbus 1976), pp. 78–98.

14. Sigebert of Gembloux, Epistola Leodicensium adversus Paschalem Papam, Libelli de Lite Imperatorum et Pontificum, ii, MGH (Hanover 1892), 451–2; D. Girgensohn, ‘Das Pisaner Konzil von 1135 in der Uberlieferung des Pisaner Konzils von 1409’, Festschrift fur Hermann Heimpel (Gottingen 1972), ii, 1,099–100.

15. Duparc-Quioc, Chanson d’Antioche, i, 171; Suger of St Denis, The Deeds of Louis the Fat, trans. R. C. Cusimo and J. Moorhead (Washington, DC 1992), pp. 37, 106–9.

16. Gouffier of Lastours, according to Geoffrey of Vigeois, Chronicon, Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al. (Paris 1737–1904), xii, 428; the story describes a crusading Androcles and the Lion, the knight and the lion becoming inseparable after Gouffier had freed the beast from the clutches of a serpent. The tale is probably more exotic than true.

17. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 162.

18. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 287.

19. Suger, Louis the Fat, p. 84; Gesta Ambaziensium Dominorum, Chroniques d’Anjou, ed. P. Marchegay and A. Salmon (Paris 1856), pp. 181–205, esp. pp. 188–90, 193, 205; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 168; vi, 158; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 144–5, no. 135.

20. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 240, 410.

21. Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. T. Arnold, Rolls Series (London 1879), pp. 262–3; Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, ed. A. Griscom and R. Ellis Jones (London 1929), pp. 437–8, trans. L. Thorpe, The History of the Kings of Britain (London 1966), p. 216.

22. PL, 163, col. 508, no. 25 for Gelasius’s letter of 10 Dec. 1118; Song of Roland, trans. D. L. Sayers (London 1975), p. 135, l. 2197.

23. Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, trans. L. M. Hollander (Austin 1964), pp. 688–97; P. Riant, Expeditions et pelerinages des Scandinaves en Terre Sainte au temps des croisades (Paris 1865), pp. 156, 161–3; William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, R. M. Thomson, M. Winterbottom (Oxford 1998–9), i, 740–43.

24. Annales Hildesheimensis, ed. G. Waitz, MGH (Hanover 1878), pp. 50–51; Otto of Freising, Chronica, ed. A Hofmeister, MGH (Hanover and Leipzig 1912), p. 318; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon, col. 987; Die Briefe Heinrichs IV, ed. C. Erdmann, MGH (Leipzig 1937), pp. 39–40, no. 31.

25. Romuald of Salerno, Chronicon, in The History of the Tyrants of Sicily, ed. G. Loud and T. Weidemann, p. 231, cf. p. 242; Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, ed. J. C. Robertson and J. B. Sheppard, Rolls Series (London 1875–85), iv, 163, 174; Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1868–71), ii, 17; F. Barlow, Thomas Becket (London 1986), pp. 258–9.

26. Robert of Ely, De Vita et Miracula S. Canuti Ducis, Vitae Sanctorum Danorum, ed. M. C. Gertz (Copenhagen 1908–12), esp. pp. 236–7.

27. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 379.

28. Walter of Therouanne, Vita Karoli, ed. R. Koepke, MGH SS, xii (Hanover 1866), 540, and p. 568 for Galbert of Bruges’s account; Ekkehard of Aura, Chronicon Universale, ed. D. G. Waitz, MGH SS, vi (Hanover 1844), 262.

29. John of Wurzburg in Jerusalem Pilgrimage, ed. Wilkinson, p. 265; in general for references to early twelfth-century crucesignati, Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 148, 158–88.

30. For the military orders, A. J. Forey, The Military Orders (London 1992); J. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus c.1050– 1310 (London 1967); M. Barber, The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge 1994).

31. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vi, 308–10; cf. Riley- Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 159–65.

32. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sub anno 1128, trans. S. I. Tucker, English Historical Documents 1042–1189, ed. D. C. Douglas and G. W. Greenaway (London 1953), ii, p. 195.

33. Quoted Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 49–50; for Bernard’s De Laude, S. Bernardi Opera, iii, ed. J. Leclercq and H. M. Rochais (Rome 1963), trans. C. Greenia, Works of St Bernard, vii (Kalamazoo 1977).

34. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae (Editiones Paulinae Rome 1962), Secunda Secundae, quaestio 188, articulus 3, p. 1,843, col. 2.

35. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 26–7; E. Lourie, ‘The Confraternity of Belchite, the Ribat and the Temple’, Viator, 13 (1982), 159–76; for a translation of Saxo Grammaticus’s account of the Roskilde confraternity in Gesta Danorum, bk 14.6, K. V. Jensen, ‘Denmark and the Second Crusade’, The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester 2001), p. 176.

36. Otto of Freising, Gesta Frederici I Imperatoris, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York 1966), p. 102: Otto, Conrad’s half-brother, probably stayed there too.

37. J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison 1969), pp. 157–8 and note 83.

38. In Eugenius III’s bull of Dec. 1145, Quantum praedecessores, P. Rassow, ‘Der Text der Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III’, Neues Archiv, 45 (1924), 302–5; trans:. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 57– 9.

39. Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.

40. Libellus de Vita et Miraculis S. Godrici Heremitae de Finchale, ed. J. Stevenson, Surtees Society (1847), pp. 33–4, 52–7; William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, Rolls Series (London 1884), i, p. 149; Chartes de St Julien de Tours, ed. L. J. Denis (Le Mans 1912–13), i, 87–8, no. 67; Chronica de Gestis Consulum Andegavorum, Chroniques d’Anjou, ed. Machegay and Salmon, p. 152.

41. Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington 1990), pp. 191–2 for Canon XX of 1123 Lateran Council, Eis Qui Hierosolymam; Ivo of Chartres, Epistolae, PL, 162, cols. 170–74, 176–7, nos. 168–70, 173.