48. J. H. Pryor, ‘The Oath of the Leaders of the First Crusade to the Emperor Alexius Comnenus: Fealty, Homage’, Parergon, 2 (1984), 111–41; France, Victory, pp. 107–21 for a trenchant account; cf. Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’ and ‘Greek Meets Greek’.
49. France, Victory, p. 154.
50. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, pp. 315, 325, 327, etc.
51. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 73.
52. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 24.
53. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 329; cf. the embarrassed Gesta Francorum, p. 12.
54. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 140.
4: The Road to the Holy Sepulchre
1. France, Victory, pp. 165–9 and, for Egyptian negotiations in general, pp. 211, 252–4 302, 304, 317, 325–6; cf. R. J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096– 1204 (Eng. trans. Oxford 1993), chap. 1, pp. 1–60.
2. Ibn al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn al-Qalanisi, trans. H. A. R. Gibb (London 1932), p. 41; G. Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons de manuscrits armeniens comme sources pour l’histoire des croisades’, The Crusades and their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, ed. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot 1998), pp. 89–110; P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades (London 1986), p. 27 for the translation of al-Sulami.
3. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 21 and throughout the account of the siege of Antioch, pp. 28 et seq. For an account of the Christian communities in the Levant, see below pp. 226.
4. Emerton, Correspondence of Gregory VII, p. 94.
5. See the discussion and references in R. Ellenblum, Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge 1998), pp. 20–22.
6. For brief general surveys, see Holt, Age of Crusades and R. Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages (London 1986).
7. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 21.
8. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 85; for the best modern account of the battle and its location, France, Victory, pp. 169–85, which also provides the most detailed narrative of the crusaders’ campaigns in Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine.
9. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 19–20.
10. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 28–9; Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 23; Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 87–8; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 340–42.
11. Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 347–8.
12. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 25–6.
13. On this Armenian strategy, France, Victory, pp. 190– 96.
14. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 88–92 (p. 90 for the number of knights).
15. For the Chanson d’Antioche, see the edition of S. Duparc- Quioc (Paris 1977–8); R. F. Cook, ‘Chanson d’Antioche’, chanson de geste: le cycle de la croisade est-il epique? (Amsterdam 1980); for other stories, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 22–3; cf. the stained glass sequence on the crusade at St Denis, c.1146–7.
16. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, pp. 438–9.
17. For Bohemund’s ambitions, J. Shepard, ‘When Greek Meets Greek’; T. S. Asbridge, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 1098–1130 (2000), pp. 15–42.
18. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 31.
19. Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, trans. P. K. Hitti (reprint Princeton 1987), pp. 149–50.
20. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 35.
21. J. A. Brundage, ‘Prostitution, Miscegenation and Sexual Purity in the First Crusade’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff 1985), pp. 57–65.
22. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, pp. 36–7; J. Richard, ‘La Confrerie de la premiere croisade: a propos d’un episode de la premiere croisade’, Etudes de civilisation medievale: melanges offert a E. R. Labande, ed. B. Jeannau (Poitiers 1974), pp. 617–22.
23. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 141–2, 144–6, 146– 9.
24. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 435; France, Victory, pp. 209–20 and refs.
25. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 34–5; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 37; cf. Shepard, ‘Greek Meets Greek’.
26. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 150.
27. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 149; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 59; Gesta Francorum, p. 63.
28. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 46 and, for the author’s apparently eyewitness and certainly dramatic account of the episode, pp. 44–8.
29. The butcher may have been a shepherd, according to the thirteenth-century Ibn al- Athir, Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. F. Gabrieli (London 1984), pp. 6–7; for other references, France, Victory, p. 267.
30. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 150.
31. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 98; vi, 18.
32. A leading figure in these events left the most detailed record: Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 51–61, but cf. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 57–60, 65–6 and the letters accepting the Lance’s authenticity, of Anselm of Ribemont, July 1098, and the crusade leaders, Sept. 1098, Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 159–60, 163; C. Morris, ‘Policy and Visions: the Case of the Holy Lance at Antioch’, War and Government in the Middle Ages, ed. J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Woodbridge 1984), pp. 33–45.
33. Dedeyan, ‘Les Colophons’, pp. 94–5.
34. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 52.
35. For Peter’s later visions, Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, pp. 66–72, 76–8, 93–103; cf. France, Victory, p. 322; Morris, ‘Policy and Visions’, pp. 42–3; Runciman, History of the Crusades, i, 273–4.
36. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L., Hill, pp. 108, 110, 122–3, 128; on relics in general, cf. pp. 111–13.
37. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 106; Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 67 and Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, v, 108 for
