God's War: A New History of the Crusades

reception in Saladin’s camp of news of German progress.

26. Itinerarium, p. 49; loc. cit. pp. 49–68 for a German source on Frederick’s crusade and, for the most detailed contemporary account, Historia de expeditione, pp. 1–115.

27. From Henry, provost of Schaftlarn, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, MS Vat. Lat. 2001 fol. 1 recto.

28. Historia de expeditione, p.39; Arnold of Lubeck, Chronica Slavorum, pp. 130–31; Itinerarium, p. 60; J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March’, pp. 178–9.

29. Arnold of Lubeck, Chronica Slavorum pp. 10–21.

30. Historia de expeditione, pp. 15–16; Waitz, Chronica Regia Colonesis, p. 140; for spurious letters of defiance between Frederick and Saladin, Itinerarium, pp. 49–54.

31. Henry of Albano, Tractatus de peregrinatione, PL, 204, col. 360.

32. Itnerarium, p. 55.

33. Historia de expeditione, pp. 24–5; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 114–16.

34. Historia de expeditione, pp. 85, 86; Die Urkunden der Deutchen Konige und Kaiser, x, pt IV, Die Urkunden Friedrichs I, ed. H. Appelt, MGH (Hanover 1990), pp. 301, 303.

35. In general, Angold, Byzantine Empire; iden, The Fourth Crusade (London 2003); Magdalino, Empire of Manuel I Komnenos; Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States.

36. Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 121–2.

37. A fifth was created at Philipoppolis, Historia de expeditione, pp. 34–5.

38. O City of Byzantium, Annals of Nicetas Choniates, trans. H. J. Margoulias (Detroit 1984), pp. 220–26. (Hereafter Nicetas.)

39. Die Urkunden Friedrichs I, pp. 302–6; cf. his letter of the same period to Leopold of Austria, pp. 306–7 and his earlier correspondence with Henry, pp. 301–2.

40. Historia de expeditione, p. 71.

41. Nicetas, pp. 233–4.

42. Epistola de Morte Friderici Imperatoris, Historia de expeditione, p. 175; Iitnerarium, pp. 60–61.

43. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 89, but cf. p. 76 for an opposite memory of Saladin fortifying these strongholds.

44. Historia de expeditione, pp. 91–2; Epistola de Morte, pp. 177–8; Itinerarium, pp. 65–6; Ibn al-Athir, in Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 209–10; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, pp. 113–17; Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 87–8.

45. Itinerarium, p. 67; Ibn Shaddad, Saladin, p. 125.

46. Itinerarium, p. 106; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, ll. 3625–60, pp. 162–3.

47. For the marriage of Conrad and Isabella, Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 95–7, 171, 172–4; Itinerarium, pp. 100–102, 121–6; Ambroise, Crusade of Richard, pp. 177–80; Imad al-Din, Conquete de la Syrie, trans. H. Masse (Paris 1972), pp. 105–6.

48. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 89–90; cf. H. E. Mayer, Crusades, p. 142 and note 71, p. 304.

49. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 171–2.

50. Itinerarium, p. 143; this echoes the outrage of observers such as Henry of Albano and Peter of Blois.

51. In general on the Franco-English crusade, see Gillingham, Richard I, pp. 85–154; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 57–85; the main chroniclers include the Itinerarium; Ambroise; the Englishmen Roger of Howden, Ralph of Diceto and William of Newburgh; and the Frenchman Rigord.

52. The Complete Peerage, by G. E. C. (reprint Gloucester 1987), iv, 194 note a.

53. Itinerarium, p. 99, cf. pp. 74, 76, 82, 96–8; the Latin text is in Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta Regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1864), p. 93; for Londoners, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 73–4, 183.

54. Itinerarium, p. 108.

55. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 68, 70–72, 179.

56. Delaborde et al., Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, 305–6, no. 252 (although some doubt on the authenticity of this act exists; see Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus, pp. 53–4 and note 86).

57. Gillingham, Richard I, p. 114.

58. Gerald of Wales, Journey, p. 184; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 60.

59. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 132–3; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 17.

60. For all the English financial and logistic preparations, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 75–83.

61. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 90; William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. H. C. H. Hamilton (London 1856), ii, 121; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 9.

62. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 15; a monk of St Swithun’s, Winchester, he may have been close to royal servants in the city involved in the organization of the expedition; cf. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 117.

63. Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 28 for the size of the fleet.

64. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 116–24 for a full account of Richard’s fleet March – August 1190.

65. Roger of Howden, Chronica, iii, 8.

66. Hunter, Pipe Roll 1 Richard I, p. 5.

67. Rigord, Oeuvres i, 99; Delaborde, et al., Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, i, no. 292; Codice diplomatico della repubblica de Genova, ed. C. Imperiale de Sant’Angelo (Genoa 1936–42), ii, 366–8.

68. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 113, 129; Rigord, Oeuvres, i, 106.

69. Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, ii, 83–4; William of Newburgh, Historia Chronicles, ed. Howlett, i, 294–9.

70. William of Newburgh, Historia, Chronicles, ed. Howlett, i, 308–24 has the fullest narrative; cf. R. B. Dobson, The Jews of Medieval York and the Massacre of 1190, Borthwick Papers, no. 45 (York 1974).

71. Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 139–42, 170–71.