39. Gerold’s encyclical letter condemning Frederick is translated in Peters, Christian Society, pp. 165–70, taken from Matthew Paris’s version.
40. Riley-Smith, Feudal Nobility, pp. 171–2.
41. Trans. Peters, Christian Society, pp. 164–5.
42. Richard of San Germano, Chronica, p. 355.
43. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 270.
44. Roger of Wendover, Flores, ii, 372; trans. Peters, Christian Society, p. 156.
45. Above pp. 725–7.
46. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 275.
47. Philip of Novara, Wars of Frederick II, p. 91; cf. pp. 87–92 for opposition to Frederick.
48. Van Cleve, Frederick II, p. 528 and note 1.
49. The Rothelin Continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 526–7, and, for what follows, pp. 526–56 and, for Eracles Continuation itself, pp. 413–22, trans. J. Shirley, Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century (Aldershot 1999), p. 38 and, generally, pp. 38– 58, 123–9.
50. For 1239–41, apart from the general surveys for background, S. Painter, ‘The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, ii, 463–85; Lloyd, English Society, esp. pp. 22, 58, 83, 86, 90, 92–3, 136, 149, 151, 178, 182; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 101–8; P. Jackson, ‘The Crusades of 1239–41 and Their Aftermath’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 50 (1987), 32–60.
51. Theobald of Champagne, ‘Seigneurs Sachiez: oui or ne s’en ira’, trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 268.
52. Roger of Wendover, Flores, iii, 104–7; Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 2,180–9.
53. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 2,664.
54. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,923, 3,926.
55. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–6 for Richard’s financial arrangements.
56. Gregory IX, Registres, no. 4,107; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.
57. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 368–9.
58. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 7; Dunstable Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iii, 152.
59. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 104–5; Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 466.
60. Eracles, pp. 527–8; Thomas Wykes, Chronicon, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, iv, 86–7.
61. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620; in general, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 102–4, 107.
62. Lloyd, English Society, pp. 83–4, 136; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 103–4.
63. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 469.
64. The most detailed account is in the Rothelin continuation of William of Tyre, Eracles, pp. 531–46; trans. Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 41–50, p. 46 for quotation.
65. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.
66. Painter, ‘Crusade’, p. 482.
67. Gregory IX, Registres, nos. 3,363, 3,633, 4,027, cf. 4,315.
68. Burton Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. Luard, i, 265–7; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 38–43.
69. Mathew Paris, Chronica Majora, iii, 620.
70. Trans. Routledge, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. Tyerman, iv, 290; cf. Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 55.
71. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 71.
72. Lloyd, English Society, Appendix 5 for the contract and pp. 135–7 for a discussion of it.
73. Eracles, p. 532; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 42.
74. Eracles, pp. 531–2; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 41.
75. Eracles, pp. 533–6, 538–9; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 42–4, 45–6.
76. The best analysis of these manoeuvres is Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239–41’.
77. Eracles, p. 554; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 57.
78. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 138–44.
79. Above p. 726.
80. D. Pringle, ‘King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon’, pp. 143–6.
81. Eracles, p. 421; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 129.
82. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 107, 143–5, 211–12, 218.
83. Eracles, p. 556; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 58.
24: Louis IX and the Fall of Mainland Outremer 1244–91
1. See above Chapter 22.
2. Eracles, p. 564 and generally pp. 561–6; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 65 and pp. 62–6.
3. Holt, Age of the Crusades, p. 66; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 18–19.
4. A. Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (Berlin 1874– 5), no. 11,491, 31 Dec. 1244.
5. The classic, if not necessarily accurate, account, written over sixty years later, is John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 191; cf. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8 for mystical implications of the cross; cf. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, pp. 82–3. For modern general discussions in English, see especially W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton 1979), esp. pp. 3–13; J. Richard, St Louis: Crusader King of France, ed. S. Lloyd, trans. J. Birrell (Cambridge 1993), pp. 99–112; Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 487–508.
6. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, iv, 397–8; v, 3–4; for William, see P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford 2000), chap. 3, and esp. p. 85.
7. Potthast, Regesta, no. 11,492; Matthew Paris,
