56. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 210.
57. After her own interlude in power in the summer of 1250, she promptly married her successor, the Turkish emir Aybak.
58. Eracles, pp. 594–5; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 89.
59. For the timber for war machines, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 213–17; Eracles, p. 600; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–3.
60. For the victory and defeat at Mansourah, John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 218–42; cf. the Rothelin version, Eracles, pp. 599–616; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 92–103; Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 288–95.
61. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 90.
62. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 225.
63. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.
64. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 224.
65. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 222.
66. P. Cole, D. L. d’Avray, J. Riley-Smith, ‘Application of Theology to Current Affairs: Memorial Sermons on the Dead of Mansourah and on Innocent IV’, Historical Research, 62 (1990), 227–47, esp. Odo of Chateauroux’s sermon on 2 King’s 1:18, David’s lament over Jonathan.
67. For the Longspee heroics and early legend, Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 76–7, 105–9, 116–17, 130–34, 138–44, 147–75, 201–4 (p. 154 for ‘manifest martyr’), 254, 280–81. S. Lloyd, ‘William Longspee II: The Making of an English Hero’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 35 (1991), 41–69 and, with T. Hunt, 36 (1992), 79–125.
68. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 291.
69. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 239.
70. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 292; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 237; Eracles, p. 610; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 99.
71. Eracles, p. 611; Shirley, Crusader Syria, p. 100.
72. Quoted Richard, St Louis, p. 125.
73. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 243.
74. Ibn Wasil, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 294.
75. Richard, St Louis, p. 125; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, captures the chaos, dejection and fear, pp. 240–44.
76. Abu Shamah, Livre des Deux Jardins, RHC Or., v (Paris 1906), 196; cf. Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 302, from Maqrizi’s fifteenth-century compilation.
77. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 263; an exaggerated sum.
78. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 246–50.
79. Ibn Wasil’s comment, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 298; for the coup, pp. 295–8; John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 251–6.
80. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, pp. 258–60.
81. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 256.
82. Above pp. 777–9. And chap. 22, p. 727.
83. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck, ed. P. Jackson with D. Morgan, Hakluyt Society, 2nd series, no. 173 (London 1990), pp. 1–55 (Introduction); pp. 59–278 for the friar’s report to Louis IX; Jackson, Mongols, pp. 99–100.
84. A possible reading of Joinville’s account: why was the king wading up to his chest? Why did the southerly wind matter so much on the march south in November 1249? Cf. similar doubts Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vi, Additamenta, p. 154; Guillaume de Nangis, RHGF, xx, 370.
85. The sense of Maqrizi’s account of the defiance and refusal to contemplate a negotiated accommodation, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, p. 301.
86. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 105–6.
87. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 160–61; cf. Richard, St Louis, pp. 119, 127.
88. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 107; vi, 163; cf., v, 116–7 for money sent to Louis from the west. For Arabic hints of the same policy, Gabrieli, Arab Historians, pp. 294, 299, 300–301.
89. Liber Secretorum fidelium Crucis, Gesta Dei Per Francos, ed. Bongars, vol. 2.
90. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 147; for other reactions v, 170–73, 254, 280–81. Cf. trans., R. Vaughan, Chronicles of Matthew Paris (London 1984), p. 239, and p. 256 for Italian disturbances.
91. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 241.
92. The Chronicon of St Laud of Rouen, RHGF, xxiii, 395. In general, M. Barber, ‘The Crusade of the Shepherds in 1251’, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, ed. J. Sweet (Lawrence 1984), pp. 1–23; G. Dickson, ‘The Advent of the Pastores (1251)’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 66 (1988), 249–67.
93. For some primary sources, the chronicles of Primat, John of Colonna and St Laud, RHGF, xxiii, 8–9, 123–4, 395–6; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 246–54, p. 248 for emphasis on the Lamb as a symbol; Salimbene of Adam, Chronicle, ed. and trans. J. L. Baird (Binghampton 1986), p. 453.
94. Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, v, 253.
95. John of Joinville, Life of Louis, p. 318.
96. See, apart from Jordan and Richard, J. Le Goff, St Louis (Paris 1996).
97. Chartes de Terre Sainte provenant de l’Abbaye de Notre Dame de Josaphat, ed. H.-F. Delaborde (Paris 1880), pp. 105–6, no. L.
98. Jackson, Mongols, esp. pp. 113–28 for a recent survey; cf. Holt, Age of Crusades, p. 86–92; Irwin, Middle East, pp. 30– 36.
99. Eracles, pp. 635–8; Shirley, Crusader Syria, pp. 117–19.
100. For Baibars, Irwin, Middle East, pp. 37–61; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 90–98. The best account of his campaigns is by Ibn Furat, Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders, ed. and trans. U. and M. C. Lyons and J. S. C. Riley- Smith (Cambridge 1971).
101. The best detailed modern narrative is Richard, St Louis, pp. 293–332; cf. Strayer, ‘Crusades’, pp. 508–18; Jordan, Louis IX, pp. 214–18.
102. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, i, 516 et seq. The main French chronicle accounts are by the St Denis monks Primat, RHGF, xxiii, 39–61 and the associated account by Guillaume de Nangis in his biography of Louis IX, RHGF, xx, 438–62.
103. Diplomatic Documents (Chancery and Exchequer), i, ed. P. Chaplais (London 1964), no. 419.
