v. Participles from reflexive verbs Participles ending in the reflexive particle always take the -ся form.
vi. Short-form participles Because participles are adjectival in form, they may occur as short-form participles. However, only passive participles have both the long and short forms; active participles occur only in the long form. Short-form participles are used as the predicate of a passive construction. They consist of stem plus suffix plus short-form adjective endings. Like short-form adjectives, they are only used as predicate adjectives, and so they do not decline. The suffixes -н-, -ен- (- ён-), and -т- are added to the stem:
прочитать – прочитан
решить – решён
занять – занят
7. The adverbial participle, or the gerund. The adverbial participle exhibits properties of both the verb and the adverb. Verbs ending in the reflexive particle exhibit the particle in the gerund, and the gerund exhibits the aspect of the verb from which it is derived. The form of the gerund, as with all adverbs, is invariable. It acts as a modifier by describing the environment in which the action of the predicate verb occurs. The adverbial participle may be past or present; past participles are formed from perfective verbs and refer to actions occurring prior to the action of the main verb, while present participles are formed from imperfective verbs and refer to actions occurring simultaneously with the action of the main verb.
a. Past adverbial participles. The suffix -в- (and less frequently -вши-, -ши-) is added to the stem of the past tense.
прочитать – прочита/л – прочита/в, прочитав > having read
сказать – сказа/л – сказа/в, сказав > having said
написать – написа/л – написа/в, написав > having written
принести – принёс – принёс/ши, принёсши > having brought
Прочитав доклад, он ответил на вопросы профессора. > Having read the paper, he answered the professor's questions.
b. Present adverbial participles. The suffix -я (-а after ж, ч, ш, щ) is added to the present-tense stem of the imperfective verb.
читать – чита/ют – чита/я, читая > reading
Отвечая на вопрос профессора, он сделал ошибку. > In answering the professor's question, he made a mistake.
c. Gerunds from verbs ending in the reflexive particle -ся. Gerunds may be formed from verbs ending in -ся, although the ending always appears as -сь.
8. Auxiliaries: должен, нужно, нельзя, можно, мочь. These verbs, adverbs, and adjectives are translated as auxiliaries.
a. Должен, 'must, ought to.' This form is used as a short adjective and is usually followed by an infinitive.
должен (
Должны быть удовлетворены граничные условия. > The boundary conditions must be satisfied.
b. Нужно, надо, 'must, it is necessary,' нельзя, 'must not, it is impossible, cannot.' These forms are invariable and take the logical subject if there is one, in the dative case, and are followed by the infinitive.
Чтобы представить уравнение в номографической форме, нужно сначала найти зквивалентный детерминант. > То represent an equation nomographically (in nomographic form), we must first find an equivalent determinant.
Теорему Абеля нельзя распространить на пути, касательные единичной окружности. > It is not possible to extend Abel's theorem to paths which are tangent to the unit circle.
c. Можно, 'may, can, it is possible.' This form is invariable and is followed by the infinitive.
Используя интеграл Фурье, можно сконструировать сферические или цилиндрические волны из плоских волн. > By using the Fourier integral, it is possible to construct spherical or cylindrical waves out of plane waves.
d. Мочь, 'to be able to.' This verb is conjugated as follows:
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| я могу ты можешь он может | мы можем вы можете они могут | |
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