37. Interviews with Aleksei Simonov, Moscow, September, November 2003, February 2004.
38. RGALI, f. 1814, op. 10, d. 376, ll. 20–21; Konstantin Simonov v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov (Moscow, 1984), p. 291; N. Bianki, K. Simonov i A. Tvardovskii v ‘Novom Mire’ (Moscow, 1999), pp. 32–3.
39. L. Lazarev, Shestoi etazh: kniga vospominaniia (Moscow, 1999), pp. 208, 210; interview with Lazar Lazarev, Moscow, November 2003; Simonov, Sto sutok voiny, pp. 550–54; RGALI, f. 1814, op. 9, d. 5, l. 63; op. 9, d. 19 (‘Vospominaniia o kampanii po bor’be s kosmopolitizmom’, ts., 1976).
40. K. Simonov and I. Ehrenburg, V odnoi gazete: reportazhi i stati 1941–1945 (Moscow, 1979); Lazarev, Shestoi etazh, pp. 201–2.
41. A. Solzhenitsyn, The Oak and the Calf: Sketches of Literary Life in the Soviet Union (London, 1980), p. 299.
42. Interview with Viktor Erofeev, Moscow, November 2003; interview with Andrei Erofeev, Moscow, April 2004; interview with Nina Arkhipova, Moscow, November 2003; D. Gillespie, ‘Metropol”, The Literary Encyclopedia, 19 November 2005.
43. Simonov, Glazami cheloveka moego pokoleniia, pp. 7–8.
44. Ibid. Fragments of the memoirs were first published in the journal Znamia in 1988, no. 3, pp. 3–66; no. 4, pp. 49–121; no. 5, pp. 69–96.
45. See e.g. A. Mikoian, Tak bylo: razmyshleniia o minuvshem (Moscow, 1999), p. 589 (‘Of course we bear a great responsibility. But we must understand the circumstances in which we worked. There was a lot we did not know, we believed, but in any case there was simply nothing we could change.’)
46. Lev Razgon, True Stories (London, 1997), pp. 21–34.
47. Interview with Ivan Korchagin, Akmolinsk, September 1988.
48. IFA, ‘Kommentarii k pis’mam’, ts., 1988; Mikhail Iusipenko to M. Zelder, 29 December 1988; Mikhail Iusipenko to Sergei Barinov, 18 August 1988; interview with Oksana Kozmina, Moscow, 1988.
49. MM, f. 1, op. 2; f. 2, op. 5; f. 12, op. 9, dd. 2, 3.
50. On the relationship between memory and narrative see V. Skultans, The Testimony of Lives: Narrative and Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia (London, 1998).
51. Alexander Dolgun’s Story: An American in the Gulag (New York, 1975), p. 4.
52. I. Sherbakova, ‘The Gulag in Memory’, in L. Passerini (ed.), International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, vol. 1: Memory and Totalitarianism (Oxford, 1992), pp. 112–13 (translation slightly altered for clarity).
53. See e.g. MSP, f. 3, op. 42, d. 3, ll. 1–24.
54. M. McAuley, Soviet Politics 1917–1991 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 56–7.
55. On the Gulag memoir as a literary genre see Leona Toker, Return from the Archipelago: Narratives of Gulag Survivors (Bloomington, 2000).
56. E. Ginzburg, Into the Whirlwind (London, 1968); Within the Whirlwind (London, 1981).
57. C. Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–1945 (London, 2005), p. 334; A. Applebaum, ‘The Real Patriotic War’, New York Review of Books, vol. 53, no. 6 (6 April 2006), pp. 16, 18.
58. Ginzburg, Within the Whirlwind, p. 201.
59. O vremeni, o Noril’ske, o sebe: vospominaniia, 5 vols. (Moscow, 2001–4); A. Macqueen, ‘Survivors’, Granta, 64 (Winter 1998), p. 39.
60. Interview with Vasily Romashkin, Norilsk, July 2004.
61. Interview with Olga Iaskina, Norilsk, July 2004. This paragraph is based on interviews with over fifty people in Norilsk during July 2004. See the List of Interviews in Sources.
62. Moscow News, 4 March 2005.
63. Mikhail Baitalsky, Notebooks for the Grandchildren: Recollections of a Trotskyist Who Survived the Stalin Terror (New Jersey, 1995), pp. 97–8.
64. MP, f. 4, op. 13, d. 2, l. 18.
65. MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 64– 7.
66. MP, f. 4, op. 22, d. 2, ll. 67– 71.
67. On this phenomenon in general see H. Krystal, Massive Psychic Trauma (New York, 1968); D. Wardl, Memorial Candles: Children of the Holocaust, London, 1992; N. Burchardt, ‘Transgenerational Transmission in the Families of Holocaust Survivors in England’, in D. Bertaux and P. Thompson (eds.), International Yearbook of Oral History and Life Stories, vol. 2: Between Generations: Family Models, Myths and Memories (Oxford, 1993), pp. 121–37. For details of an interesting pilot study of these issues carried out by the psychologist Marina Gulina among children brought up by survivors of the siege of Leningrad, see ‘Malen’kii prints v blokadnom Leningrade: psikhoanaliticheskoe issledovanie’, Sankt-Peterburgskii Universitet, no. 9 (3698), 5 May 2005, pp. 32–5.
68. MSP, f. 3, op. 11, d. 1, ll. 1–2; d. 2, ll. 53–60, 74–84.
69. MSP, f. 3, op. 37, d. 2, l. 63; interview with Vladimir Korsakov, St Petersburg, May, October 2003.
70. Interviews with Aleksei Iurasovsky, Moscow, July 2004, October 2005.
71. MP, f. 4, op. 24, d. 2, ll. 36–7, 44–7; MSP, f. 3, op. 16, d. 2, l. 91.
72. MP, f. 4, op. 26, d. 2, ll. 6–8; op. 3, d. 2, l. 37.
73. MP, f. 12, op. 4, d. 2, ll. 75–
