The Whisperers

inherited, 645–51

and ostracism, 285–92

of rearrest, 605–6

survivors’, 643

February Revolution (1917), 3

Feuchtwanger, Leon, 482

Fillipova, Aleksandra, 559‘

filtration camps’, 469, 531

Finland, Soviet invasion (1939), 372–3

Finns

in labour army, 424

social exclusion, 137

Firin, Semyon, 192–3

First World War (1914–18), 57, 175, 227, 236, 491

Fischer, Markoosha, 263–4

Five Year Plans, 5–6, 72

‘achievements’, 151, 187, 192, 194

arguments for, 72, 74

capital, raising, 172

hopes of, 200

industrialization programme, 564

‘storm’ production, 187

targets set, 187, 641 (1928–32), 63, 67, 81, 416; asceticism, 158; construction projects, 111, 152; FZUs, 153; growth rates, 111–12; hardships, complaints about, 154; launch, 137; promise of, 111; propaganda, 91, 92, 111, 114, 131; specialists, demand for, 153; target figures, 83, 111–12, 153; vydvizhentsy, 155 (1933–7), 157; efficiency aim, 159n; slogan, 160 (1946–51), 467; construction projects, 467, 468; propaganda, 467; targets set, 467 (1971–5), 640

Fomin, Vladimir, 44

forced labour, 111–12, 151, 467–70

See also slave labour

foreigners

contact with, 493, 558

fear of, 492–3

France

appeasement policy, 371

719

declares war on Germany (1939), 372

negotiations with Soviet Union (1939), 372

Popular Front government (1936), 230

Franco, General Francisco, 230

freedom of expression

post-war, 458, 459

‘thaw’ and, 597–9

wartime, 437–40, 443– 6

Frenkel, Naftaly, 112, 114, 564, 565

Frid, Valerii, 26, 242, 259–60, 529, 566

Froebel, Friedrich, 24

Frunze Military Academy, 616

Furmanov, Dmitry, 59

Fursei, Anastasia, 390, 391

Fursei, Georgii, 390, 391, 391, 544, 545, 546

Fursei, Marianna, 389–92, 391, 544–7

Fursei, Nikolai, 389–90FZU, see

Factory Apprentice Schools

Gabaev family, 388–9

Gaidar, Arkadii, 417

Gaister, Inna, 326, 360, 474, 605–6, 607

childhood, 49, 50, 69, 163, 286, 324–5

domestic responsibilities, 324–5

Jewish background, 69, 510

parents’ arrest, 286, 324, 474, 475

schooldays, 297–8

at university, 474