F. Bailey, British Policy and the Turkish Reform Movement, 1826–1853 (London, 1942), pp. 19–22; D. Ralston, Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600–1914 (Chicago, 1990), pp. 62– 3.
10
W. Miller, The Ottoman Empire, 1801–1913 (Cambridge, 1913), p. 18.
11
V. Aksan, Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged (London, 2007), p. 49.
12
D. Goldfrank, The Origins of the Crimean War (London, 1995), pp. 41–2.
13
A. Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question: Army, Government and Society, 1815– 1833 (Oxford, 2006), pp. 33–4, 101–4; Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 290–96; T. Prousis, Russian Society and the Greek Revolution (De Kalb, Ill., 1994), pp. 31, 50– 51.
14
A. Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina 1853–1856, 3 vols. (St Petersburg, 2002), vol. 1, pp. 8, 19; L. Vyskochkov, Imperator Nikolai I: Chelovek i gosudar’ (St Petersburg, 2001), p. 141; M. Gershenzon, Epokha Nikolaia I (Moscow, 1911), pp. 21–2.
15
A. Tiutcheva, Pri dvore dvukh imperatov: Vospominaniia, dnevnik, 1853–1882 (Moscow, 1928–9), pp. 96–7.
16
R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy , vol. 1: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton, 1995), p. 382; D. Goldfrank, ‘The Holy Sepulcher and the Origin of the Crimean War’, in E. Lohr and M. Poe (eds.), The Military and Society in Russia: 1450–1917 (Leiden, 2002), pp. 502–3.
17
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 167–76.
18
Ibid., p. 187.
19
Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 346–52.
20
P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994), pp. 658–60.
21
A. Seaton, The Crimean War: A Russian Chronicle (London, 1977), p. 36.
22
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 361–2, 366.
23
FO 97/404, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 7 July 1834; R. Florescu, The Struggle against Russia in the Romanian Principalities 1821–1854 (Monachii, 1962), pp. 135–60.
24
F. Lawson, The Social Origins of the Egyptian Expansionism during the Muhammad Ali Period (New York, 1992), chap. 5; Aksan, Ottoman Wars, pp. 363–7; A. Marmont, The Present State of the Turkish Empire, trans. F. Smith (London, 1839), p. 289.
25
Bitis, Russia and the Eastern Question, pp. 468–9.
26
Zaionchkovskii, Vostochnaia voina, vol. 1, p. 235.
27
FO 181/114, Palmerston to Ponsonby, 6 Dec. 1833; P. Mosely, Russian Diplomacy and the Opening of the Eastern Question in 1838 and 1839 (Cambridge, Mass., 1934), p. 12; Bailey, British Policy, p. 53.
28
L. Levi, History of British Commerce, 1763–1870 (London, 1870), p. 562; Bailey, British Policy, p. 74; J. Gallagher and R. Robinson, ‘The Imperialism of Free Trade’,
