Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 6/1 (1953); FO 78/240, Ponsonby to Palmerston, 25 Nov. 1834; D. Urquhart, England and Russia (London, 1835), p. 110.
29
B. Kingsley Martin, The Triumph of Lord Palmerston: A Study of Public Opinion in England before the Crimean War (London, 1963), p. 85.
30
J. Gleason, The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain (Cambridge, Mass., 1950), p. 103.
31
Ibid., pp. 211–12, 220.
32
India, Great Britain, and Russia (London, 1838), pp. 1–2.
33
R. Shukla, Britain, India and the Turkish Empire, 1853–1882 (New Delhi, 1973), p. 27.
34
M. Gammer, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (London, 1994), p. 121.
35
J. Pardoe, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1854), vol. 1, p. 32.
36
C. White, Three Years in Constantinople; or, Domestic Manners of the Turks in 1844, 3 vols. (London, 1846), p. 363. See also E. Spencer, Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary, &c., including a Steam Voyage down the Danube from Vienna to Constantinople, and round the Black Sea in 1836, 2 vols. (London, 1837).
37
Urquhart, England and Russia, p. 86.
38
S. Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, 2 vols. (London, 1888), vol. 2, p. 17.
39
Ibid., p. 104. On Freemasonry in nineteenth-century Turkey, see the many works of Paul Dumont, including ‘La Turquie dans les archives du Grand Orient de France: Les loges maconniques d’obedience francaise a Istanbul du milieu du XIXe siecle a la veille de la Premiere Guerre Mondiale’, in J.-L. Bacque-Grammont and P. Dumont (eds.), Economie et societe dans l’empire ottoman (fin du XVIIIe siecle–debut du XXe siecle) (Paris, 1983), pp. 171–202.
40
A. Cunningham, Eastern Questions in the Nineteenth Century: Collected Essays, 2 vols. (London, 1993), vol. 2, pp. 118–19.
41
B. Abu Manneh, ‘The Islamic Roots of the Gulhane Rescript’, in id., Studies on Islam and the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century (Istanbul, 2001), pp. 83–4, 89.
42
FO 97/413, Stratford to Palmerston, 7 Feb. 1850; Lane-Poole, The Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, vol. 2, p. 215.
CHAPTER 3. THE RUSSIAN MENACE
1
S. Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai I v Londone v 1844 godu’, Istoricheskii vestnik, 23/3 (Feb. 1886), pp. 602–4.
2
E. Stockmar, Denkwurdigkeiten aus den Papieren des Freiherrn Christian Friedrich V. Stockmar (Brunswick, 1872), p. 98; T. Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort, 5 vols. (London, 1877), vol. 1, p. 215.
3
G. Bolsover, ‘Nicholas I and the Partition of Turkey’, Slavonic Review, 27 (1948), p. 135.
4
Tatishchev, ‘Imperator Nikolai’, pp. 355–8.
5
Martin, The Life of His Royal Highness, vol. 1, p. 224.
