4
Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain and the Crimean War, p. 348; W. Echard, Napoleon III and the Concert of Europe (Baton Rouge, La., 1983), p. 59.
5
FO 78/1170, Stratford Canning to Clarendon, 9 Jan. 1856; Baumgart, The Peace of Paris 1856, pp. 128–30.
6
Ibid., pp. 140–41; BLMD, Add. MS 48579, Palmerston to Clarendon, 4 Mar. 1856; M. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955), p. 302.
7
Gourdon, Histoire, pp. 523–5.
8
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5917, 11. 1–2; J. Herbe, Francais et russes en Crimee: Lettres d’un officier francais a sa famille pendant la campagne d’Orient (Paris, 1892), p. 402; BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
9
NAM 1968–07–380–65 (Codrington letter, 15 July 1856).
10
The Times, 26 July 1856.
11
RGVIA, f. 846, op. 16, d. 5838, 11. 10–12; NAM 6807–375–16 (Vote of thanks to Codrington, undated).
12
M. Kozelsky, ‘Casualties of Conflict: Crimean Tatars during the Crimean War’, Slavic Review, 67/4 (2008), pp. 866–91.
13
M. Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (De Kalb, Ill., 2010), p. 153. For more on the statistics of the emigration, see A. Fisher, ‘Emigration of Muslims from the Russian Empire in the Years after the Crimean War’, Jahrbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas, 35/3 (1987), pp. 356–71. The highest recent estimate is ‘at least 300,000’, in J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton, 1995), p. 17.
14
Kozelsky, Christianizing Crimea, p. 151.
15
Ibid., p. 155; A. Fisher, Between Russians, Ottomans and Turks: Crimea and Crimean Tatars (Istanbul, 1998), p. 127.
16
BLMD, Add. MS 48580, Palmerston to Clarendon, 24 Mar. 1856.
17
FO 195/562, ‘Report on the Political and Military State of the Turkish Frontier in Asia’, 16 Nov. 1857; FO 97/424, Dickson to Russell, 17 Mar. 1864; Papers Respecting Settlement of Circassian Emigrants in Turkey, 1863–64 (London, 1864).
18
McCarthy, Death and Exile, pp. 35–6.
19
FO 78/1172, Stratford to Clarendon, 31 Jan. 1856; Journal de Constantinople, 4 Feb. 1856; Lady E. Hornby, Constantinople during the Crimean War (London, 1863), pp. 205–8; C. Badem, ‘The Ottomans and the Crimean War (1853–1856)’, Ph.D. diss. (Sabanci University, 2007), p. 290; D. Blaisdell, European Financial Control in the Ottoman Empire (New York, 1929), p. 74.
20
Badem, ‘The Ottomans’, pp. 291–2.
21
Ibid., pp. 281–3; R. Davison, ‘Turkish Attitudes Concerning Christian–Muslim Equality in the 19th Century’, American Historical Review, 59 (1953–4), pp. 862–3.
22
Ibid., p. 861.
23
FO 195/524, Finn to Clarendon, 10, 11, 14 and 29 Apr., 2 May, 6 June 1856; 13 Feb. 1857; E. Finn (ed.), Stirring Times, or, Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles of 1853 to 1856, 2 vols.
