The Crimean War

Index

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Aaland Islands: British attack on Bomarsund Palmerston’s plans for

Abdi Pasha, General, Commander of the Anatolian army

Abdulmecid I, Sultan: attends British and French balls (1856) calls for help from Britain (1839) Islamic ultimatum Omer Pasha and reinauguration of Hagia Sophia mosque (1849) religious toleration Westernizing liberal reforms

Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon: 4th Earl agrees to send combined fleet to Black Sea calm response to Sinope counsels against war with Russia limited campaigns aimed for and the ‘newspapers’ objects to Palmerstons plans problems with defence of Muslims resigns (1855)

Abkhazia, Russians eject Muslims

Adampol (Polonezkoi), Polish settlement in Turkey

Adams, Brigadier, at Inkerman

Adrianople (Edirne) Treaty of (1829) captured by Russia (1878)

Afghanistan: occupied by Great Britain (1838 – 42) Persian occupation of Herat (1837 – 57)

Agamemnon, HMS

Airey, Lt-Gen Sir Richard (Quartermaster General)

Aksakov, Konstantin, shock at Russian retreat

Alaska (Russian-America), purchased by USA

Albert, Prince Consort to Queen Victoria accused of treason council of war with allied leaders (1855) develops Palmerston’s plans opinion of General Saint-Arnaud support for Austrian Four Point Plan

Alexander I, Tsar protector of Poland (1815) ultimatum on behalf of Greeks

Alexander II, Tsar amenable to negotiations attempt to prize Britain and France apart Chernaia river defeat Central Asia ambitions continues his father’s policies coronation delayed until Borodino anniversary demands major offensive from Gorchakov (July/August 1855) determined to fight on after Sevastopol and the exodus of Tatars fearful of war with Austria and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum direct discussions with Napoleon III Italian unification and fearful of spread of Italian nationalism keeps up pressure on Kars moves closer to Prussia serf emancipation army reforms fears British presence in the Caspian Sea Sevastopol Manifesto warns Serbia not to interfere in Balkan revolts seeks Russian settlement on Balkans and Tsargrad see also Alexander Nikolaevich, Tsarevich; Russia

Alexander Nikolaevich, Tsarevich (later Alexander II) dismissal of Khrulev and Menshikov see also Alexander II, Tsar

Alexander, Col James (14th Regt)

Alexander Fort (Sevastopol)

Algeria: conquest of by France fighting experience of French troops Yusuf’s Spahis

Algiers, HMS

Ali Pasha (Grand Vizier), and the Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Alma, battle of (1854) storming of the Great Redoubt as reported in Russian press war graves

anaesthetics: British opinions divided Pirogov and surgery for wounded

Andrianov, Captain (10th Division)

Anglicans: church leaders and declaration of war dilemma of defending Muslim Turks in Jerusalem missionary work in Ottoman Empire see also Protestants

Anglo-French alliance: Czartoryski and Napoleon III and ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas (1854) lack of agreement over objectives colonial prejudice affects use of Turkish troops and Austrian intervention in Wallachia ‘robbed of victory’ allied siege strategy rethought (1855) troops committed to north-west Crimea council of war with allied leaders evacuation and clear up of Sevastopol installations expedition to China (1857) uncertainty after fall of Sevastopol (1855) allied armies in possession of Sevastopol (1855) see also British Army; France; French army; Great Britain

Anglo-Persian War (1856 – 7)

Anglo-Russian accord (1827)

Anglophobia, in Russia

Annesley, Ensign (later Colonel) Hugh, 5th Earl (Scots Fusilier Guards), wounded at Alma

Anstey, Thomas, Urquhart ally in parliament

Apuhktin, Aleksei, ‘A Soldier’s Song about Sevastopol’

archaeological discoveries, Crimea

Ardahan, cession of demanded by Stalin

Argyll, George John Campbell, 8th Duke

Armenians: emigrate to Transcaucasia new settlers in the Crimea

armies, comparison of costs of belligerents

army chaplains: Andre Damas (French army) British Army

Arthur the Great (troop transport), transport of British sick and wounded

artillery: allied bombardment of Sevastopol ineffective against Minie rifles at Inkerman Russian counter bombardment

Assembly of Nobles (Sevastopol): used as hospital see also medical treatment

Association for the Protection of Turkey and Other Countries …

Astrakhan (Mongol khanate)

atrocities: alleged after Balaklava alleged after Inkerman allied troops in Kerch Bashi Bazouks in Bulgaria in Constantinople (1821) Giurgevo religious justification for Tatar bands

Attwood, Thomas

Austria-Hungary: neutrality assured by future territorial gains Three Emperors’ League (1873) see also Austrian Empire

Austrian army, in Wallachia (1854)

Austrian Empire: armed neutrality in favour of allies benevolent neutrality with respect to Russia demands Napoleon III’s peaceful intentions demands Russian withdrawal from principalities direct talks with Russians fearful of Slav uprisings Four Points for Peace with Russia (1854) Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hopes for alliance with Russia hoping to negotiate a peace Italian independence and military alliance with France and Britain mobilizes troops (1853 & 1854) motives for invading principalities negotiations with Britain and France Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative, the Vienna Note (1853) ready to march into Serbia 1848 revolutions Russian foreign policy and Russian partition plans (1852) and Russian plans for Greece (1820s) steps back from war with Ottomans support from Gorchakov over revolution in Italy threatens to join anti-Russian alliance Triple Alliance (1856) and Tsar Nicholas’ Ottoman partition plans Vienna Conference (1855) war with French and Piedmontese (1859) war with Prussia (1866) wary of Russia in Slav lands see also Austria-Hungary

Bakhchiserai Museum of the Alma reserve hospital

Bakunin, Mikhail

Bakunina, Ekaterina (nurse)

Balaklava, British supply base

Balaklava, battle of (1854)

Balaklava helmets

Balaklava Railway

Balkan League

Balkan War (1853 – 4)

Balkans: continuing conflict between Christians and Muslims Czartoryski’s plan hoped for Slav/Christian uprisings Nationalism pan-Slavism retreat of Austria Russia and Russian partition plans (1852) seeds of future wars status quo guaranteed by Three Emperors’ League (1873) theatre of war see also European Turkey

Balta Liman, Act of (1849)

Baltic campaign (1854)

Baltic campaign (1855)

Baltic provinces, of Russia, Palmerston’s plans for

Bariatinsky, Prince Alexander I (viceroy of the Caucasus) fears British presence on the Caspian Sea

Bariatinsky, Prince Vladimir I (Flag Lt to Adm Kornilov)

Barrett, Jerry, Queen Victoria’s First Visit to Her Wounded Soldiers

Bashi Bazouks atrocities cholera and retreat to Varna in French service at Giurgevo

Bazancourt, Cesar de

Beaumont, Thomas Wentworth

Beeton, Samuel, Our Soldiers and the Victoria Cross

Belarus, Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics

Belgium, Russia and

Belgrade, Turkish bombardment

Bell, Col George (1st (Royal) Regt): complaint about uniforms letter to The Times

Bell, George and James Bell (shipping company)

Bell, John (sculptor), Guards’ Memorial (London)

Bellew, Walter (assistant surgeon)

Bem, General Jozef

Berlin, Congress (1878)

Bessarabia boundary debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) boundary dispute with Moldavia and Franco-Austrian peace terms (1855) mobilization of Russian troops (1852) Palmerston’s plans for refugee problem (1820 – 21) riots and attacks on Christians

Bezborodko, Count Alexander

Bibescu, Prince Gheorghe of Romania

Bineau, Jean (French Finance Minister), argues against war

Bismarck, Otto von