The Crimean War

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Black Sea: declared neutral by Paris Peace Congress (1856) no firm pledge from France on penal clauses related Paris Congress clauses annulled (1871) Russian fleet recommissioned

Black Sea region: buffer zone Christian-Muslim relations crucial for Russian security and trade demilitarization of London Convention (1841) and religious and ethnic transmigration

Blackwood’s Magazine, British commerce and

Blakesley, Revd Joseph, letters to The Times

Bloomfield, Pvt (Derbys Regt): recollections of Alma recollections of Inkerman

Bludova, Antonina, Countess

Blunt, John (Turkish language interpreter)

Bond, Sgt (11th Hussars)

Bondurand, Baron, military intendant to Marshal Castellane

Borgo, Pozzo di

Borodino, battle of (1812)

Bosnia: pan-Slav movement and promised to Austria-Hungary revolts by Christians

Bosquet, General Pierre Francois: at Balaklava at Inkerman orders attack on the Mamelon removed from command before Malakhov second Malakhov battle

Botanov, Mikhail, in Sevastopol

Bourqueney, Adolphe de (French ambassador in Vienna)

Bright, John

British Army: Anglo- Austrian force in Palestine (1840) Cardwell reforms catering (1855) chaplains commissariat bureaucracy Crimean veterans receive the Victoria Cross dependent on recruiting mercenaries drunkenness entertainments the Guards’ Memorial (London) officer corps opinion of the French opinion of Turkish soldiers other ranks letters home recruits soldiers wives in invasion fleet ‘Tommy Atkins’ uniforms

British Army, Crimean timeline: unpreparedness for war at Varna cholera poor intelligence about Russian numbers sails for the Crimea officers avoid winter in Crimea officers better sheltered than men (winter 1854 – 55) officers and men question the war complaints of bad conditions scurvy march to Alma Light Brigade skirmish near Alma at Alma siege of Sevastopol at Balaklava Charge of Heavy Brigade Charge of Light Brigade at Inkerman lack of winter clothing or shelter cost of victory at Inkerman atrocities alleged in Kerch decline in morale, factors desertion rates winter (1854 – 55) desertions before the Redan assault Paxton’s huts Russian night raids and fraternization with Russian troops bombardment of Sevastopol assault on Vorontsov Ravine rifle pits capture of the Quarry Pits first attack on the Redan second attack on the Redan looting in Sevastopol Balaklava hand over (July 1856) return to Britain war graves war memorials see also Great Britain

British Army, units and regiments: 1st Division 2nd Division 3rd Division 4th Division Heavy Brigade 4th Dragoons 4th Light Dragoons (Queen’s Own) 5th Dragoons 6th Inniskilling Dragoons 8th Hussars 11th Hussars 13th Light Dragoons 15th Kings Hussars 17th Lancers Scots Greys Guards Brigade Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Fusilier Guards 93rd Highland Brigade Light Division 1st Royal Regiment 9th Foot 14th Foot 23rd (Royal Welsh) Fuslrs 30th Foot 77th Foot Derbyshire Regiment

British and Foreign Review (journal)

‘British Hotel’ (Kadikoi)

British Indian Army, Tsar Alexander’s fears

Brotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius

Brown, General Sir George (Light Division) assault on the Redan Kerch raids

Bruat, Admiral Armand Joseph, abortive raid on Kerch

Brunov, Baron (Russian ambassador in London)

Bucharest: chaos and desertions in retreat (1854) provisional government declared (1848) Russian military headquarters (1853) Treaty of (1812)

Bukhara khanate

Bukhmeier, General, Sevastopol evacuation pontoon bridge

Bulganak, river

Bulgaria: Bashi Bazouk atrocities Circassians closer ties with Serbs and other Balkan Slavs Congress of Berlin resolutions Crimean Tatars lack of volunteers for Russian army massacre of Christians in Rumelia massacres of Muslims national church (Orthodox) possible support for Russians revolts by Christians Russian partition plans (1852) support from Russians against Turkey war dead

Bulgarians, new settlers in the Crimea

Bulwer, Henry

Buol, Karl von, Count (Austrian Foreign Minister) offers peace terms to Russians too soft on Russia (Clarendon) meets with de Morny and Gorchakov (1855)

Burgoyne, General Sir John RE council of war with allied leaders (1855) faulty judgements on Sevastopol siege at Inkerman plan to cut off supply routes to Sevastopol

Butler, Elizabeth (nee Thompson), Calling the Roll after an Engagement, Crimea

Butler, Capt James (Ceylon Rifles), at Silistria

Buzzard, Thomas (doctor with Turkish army)

Cabrol, Jean (French army doctor)

Calthorpe, Somerset, ADC to Raglan fraternization incident witnesses Turkish rout

Cambridge, Prince George, Duke of, Lt-Gen at Alma at Inkerman recuperating from Inkerman resignation

Cameron, Capt William (Grenadier Gds), letters home

Campbell, Lady Charlotte, on a young Tsar Nicholas

Campbell, Lt-Gen Sir Colin (93rd Highland Bde)

Campbell, George John, Duke of Argyll

Campineanu, Ion

Canada, territorial claims by the United States

Canning, George

Canning, Stratford, 1st Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe agrees support for the Sultan appointment to St Petersburg refused by Tsar British fleet in the Dardanelles calls for break up of Russian Empire calls for decisive military action Circassian independence and comment on Poland at Paris (1856) on Constantinople riots (1853) conversation with Napoleon III Czartoryski and Hatt-i Humayun decree invites hostility of Turks little influence on Turkish modifications to Vienna Note returns to Constantinople (1853) with the Sultan at a costume ball supports Palmerston (1853) sympathetic to expanding the war urges liberal reform in Moldavia and Wallachia urges Turks to protect Christians urges Turks to resist Russian demands urges Turks to toughen their stance Urquhart and and the Vienna Note warns of revolt against Westernizing policies

Canrobert, General Francois (1st Division, later commander-in-chief) follows Napoleon III’s instructions at Inkerman leadership questioned plans of assault in Sevastopol shelved until the sping protests to Menshikov about Inkerman atrocities disagreement with Raglan over the field plan (1855) the Kerch raid and resignation

Caradoc, HMS

Cardigan, Maj-Gen Thomas Brudenell, 7th earl (Light Bde commander)

Cardwell, Edward, Lord, army reforms

Carmichael, George (Derbys Regt)

Castellane, Pierre de, Comte (ADC to Bosquet)

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount

casualties: at Alma British overall Chernaia river battle (allied) Chernaia river battle (Russian) injuries from artillery and rifle fire at Inkerman at Kars Malakhov and the Redan the Mamelon overall cost in lives Russians overall Sevastopol (Russians) treachery by and mistreatment of Turkish overall

Cathcart, General Sir George (4th Division)

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia

Catholic Church: anti- Eastern Orthodox polemic in France Church of the Nativity Grotto France’s historic interest in Palestine pretext for war rivalry with Orthodox Churches in the Holy Land Russian Orthodox persecution Ruthenian (Uniate) Catholics solidarity with Poland

Catholic nuns: in French military hospitals the ‘Nuns of Minsk’

Caucasus Christianization of conquest of by Russia debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Mehmet Ali of Egypt inspires rebels Muslims ejected Palmerston’s plans for proposed attack by Indian Army support for Muslim tribes by Britain test for Russian army reforms Turkish army attacks (1853) Turkish forts captured (1829) see also Chechnya; Circassia; Georgia

Cavour, Camillo (Prime Minister of Piedmont): agreement with the Odessa Shipping Company Italian unification and Paris Peace Congress (1856) and support for a wider war with Russia war with Austria

Central Asia, Russian conquests

Cetty, Antoine (quartermaster of French Army)

Champoiseau, Charles, French agent in the Caucasus

Charlemagne (French steam warship)

Charles X, King of France

Chartists, solidarity with Poland

Chavchavadze, Prince, wife and her sister carried off by Shamil’s forces

Chechnya see also Caucasus

Chekhova, Ergenia (mother of Anton Chekhov)

Chenery, Thomas (Times correspondent)

Chernaia river, battle (August 1855)

Cherniaev, Gen Mikhail G.: conquest of Turkestan pan-Slavism with Serbian army

Chernyshevsky, Nikolai (editor: Voennyi sbornik) What Is to Be Done

Chesney, General Francis

Chikhachev, Pyotr, report on the Turkish army

Chimkent

China: Anglo-French expedition (1857) Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing (1860) see also Opium Wars

Chios, massacre of Greeks

Chodasiewicz, Lt (later Capt) Robert Adolph (Tarutinsky Regt), at