The Crimean War

first Inkerman attacks

Fenton, Roger (war photographer) Men of the 68th Regiment in Winter Dress (1855) Valley of the Shadow of Death

Fergusson, Robert Cutlar

Fet, Afanasy

Finland, Palmerston’s plans for

Finn, James (British consul in Jerusalem)

First World War

Flagstaff Bastion (Sevastopol)

Fliedner, Pastor Theodor, nursing principles

food supply: British and French compared cantinieres Soyer and British army catering

Foreign Quarterly Review (journal)

Forrest, Maj William (4th Dragoons)

Fort Nicholas (Sevastopol), destroyed by French

Fossati, Gaspare & Giuseppe (architects): attempt to interest Tsar Nicholas in mosaics Byzantine mozaics Hagia Sophia renovation

Fould, Achille

Four Points for Peace: agreed by Western powers as defined in Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum Napoleon’s alternatives Paris Peace Congress (1856) and secret fifth point

France: advisers to the Ottomans agrees to invasion of the Crimea anti-Russian propaganda anti-war feelings among people backs down and signs London Convention (1841) Bessarabia/ Moldavia border dispute the ‘clerical (Ultramontane) party’ concerns about the war (1855) conquest of Algeria contact with St Petersburg (Nov. 1855) counter-revolution preparedness crushes Roman Republic (1849) Czartoryski and Polish emigres decision to send fleet to Turkey (1853) declaration of War on Russia (1854) direct talks with Russians dispute with Russia over the Holy Land fall of Sevastopol Falloux Law (1850) fleet moved to Besika Bay (Dardanelles) fleet on war footing (1853) the Four Points and Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum to Russia help to modernize Russian fleet humiliation by Russia (1812) remembered influence of the ‘Testament of Peter the Great’ investment in Egypt Jerusalem consulate July Monarchy (Louis Philippe) ‘Malakoff’ remembered national consciousness and the Crimea negotiations with Austria network of informers no help to Ottomans against Egypt (1833) Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) a possible threat to peace (1851) pre-eminent power in Europe proposes Continental war to liberate Poland protests regarding the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi rapprochement with Russia reactions to the war (winter 1854 – 55) response to Sinope (1853) returns the Pope to Rome revolution (1848) Russian grievances search for peace with Russia Second Empire (1852) Second Republic established secret treaty with Austria seeks alliance with Britain seeks alliance with Britain and Russia seen as enemy by Tsar Nicholas Serpent Island incident suffering as result of the war support for Mehmet Ali’s insurrection against the Sultan (1839) support for Poland territorial ambitions (Nice and Savoy) Third Republic trains Mehmet Ali’s army and navy Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas’ plans for containment ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas unable to help Ottomans (1783) unhappy with Palmerston’s plans war with Austria (1859) war memorials war with Prussia (1870) see also Anglo-French alliance

Franco- British ultimatum to Russia (1854)

Franks, Sgt-Maj Henry (5th Dragoons)

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary

Fratja (Romanian secret society)

Frederick William IV, King of Prussia

French army: at Varna mutiny at Varna camp opinion of the British opinion of Turkish soldiers atrocities alleged in Kerch cholera, scurvy and typhus drinking entertainments expeditionary force to Dubrudja food and equipment for sea travel Generals not ready to press on to Sevastopol medical auxiliaries (soldats panseurs) medical facilities and treatment officers and men question the war officers (winter 1854 – 55) other ranks letters home senior partner in Crimea training and experience uniforms Varna to Evpatoria march to Alma at Alma looting siege of Sevastopol at Balaklava at Inkerman desecration of church of St Vladimir de Lourmel’s Brigade in Sevastopol cost of victory at Inkerman desertions better provided for than British in winter (1854 – 55) fraternization with Russian troops rumours of strikes and revolution attacks on Mamelon and Malakhov bastion examples of low morale and combat stress Chernaia river battle Malakhov victory

French army, regiments: 1st (General Canrobert’s) Division 2nd (General Bosquet’s) Division 3rd (Prince Napoleon’s) Division Chasseurs d’Afrique Spahis d’Orient 20th Regiment 22nd Regiment 95th Regiment 97th Regiment surprise attacks on Russian outworkings Zouave regiments

French navy: advanced to the Aegean (1853) compared to Russian and Turkish navies fleet moved to Besika Bay (1849) Kerch raid (1855) on war footing (1853)

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia

Friends of Poland, Associations, in Britain

Froment, Francois-Marie de, Observations sur la Russie

Fuad Efendi (Ottoman commissioner in Bucharest)

Fuad Pasha (Tanzimat reformer), and the Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Gage, Capt (later Lt-Col) Edward RA (Raglan’s Staff): at Alma at Sevastopol

Gallipoli, first landing of Allied force

Ganja khanate (Elizavetopol)

Garibaldi, Giuseppe: conquest of Naples Polish uprising (1861) and Redshirts

Gaskell, Elizabeth, North and South

Gaza, riots and attacks on Christians

Gazi Muhammed (son of Imam Shamil)

Georgia British gun-running campaign against Muslims debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Imam Shamil’s attacks Palmerston’s plans for proposed attack by Indian Army see also Caucasus

Germans, new settlers in the Crimea

Germany: Czartoryski’s plan for 1848 revolutions source of mercenary soldiers Three Emperors’ League (1873) united by Bismarck Verney’s plan

Ghazi Muhammad, Imam

Ghica, Alexander, Prince of Wallachia

Giffard, Captain Henry Wells RN

Gilbert, John Her Majesty the Queen Inspecting the Wounded Coldstream Guards …

Gilbert, Michel (French officer)

Ginka, Gen V. A., supply system reforms

Giray dynasty (Crimean Khanate)

Giubbenet, Khristian (professor of surgery)

Giurgevo, Turkish atrocity

Gladstone, William Ewart campaigns for intervention in the Balkans problems with defence of Muslims resignation (1855)

Gleichen, Admiral Victor, Count Gleichen

Golden Horde

Golev, General (Russian infantry), in the Redan

Gorchakov, Prince Alexander becomes Foreign Minister Black Sea clauses of Paris Treaty annulled objects to Piedmont based revolution realpolitik Serpent Island incident and other claims support for Serbs uncertain about Central Asia expansion warns Serbia not to interfere in Balkan revolts

Gorchakov, General Mikhail: Danubian front raises siege of Silistria response to refugee problem withdrawal from Bucharest soldiers song siege of Sevastopol at Inkerman fearful of Austrian invasion secret memorandum on National Resistance major offensive ordered by Tsar attacks French and Sardinians at Chernaia river evacuation of Sevastopol orders destruction of Sevastopol state commemoration of

Gordon, Lt (later Gen) Charles

Gosse, Sir Edmund, recalls impact of war news

Gowing, Sgt Timothy (7th Royal Fuslrs)

Gozleve

Grach, Colonel, Silistria forts

Graham, Sir James (First Lord of the Admiralty): naval strategy resignation

Grantham, Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham (British Foreign Secretary)

Great Britain: attitudes towards soldiers (other ranks) pre and post War backs independent Greece bravery medals instituted for other ranks (1857) cabinet decisions over war aims Caucasus attack considered class divisions, possible end to conflicting views about invasion of the Crimea Congress of Berlin consulates in Belgrade, Braila and Iai creation of buffer states Cyprus Convention day of fasting and prayer (1854) decides to attack Crimea and Sevastopol Don Pacifico affair (1850) effect of Bulgarian atrocities English national identity in aftermath of war extension of franchise fears of Napoleonic revival in France fears regarding the ‘Russian threat’ Foreign Enlistment Bill (1855) Foreign Office experts warn against use of Muslim forces against Christians free press and public opinion government brought down by press and public criticism (1855) middle class ideals and professionalism negotiations with Austria not ready for peace after Sevastopol and Kars Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace initiative (1853) in Persia protest at Russian invasion of Turkestan public support for Hungarians reaction to fall of Sevastopol reaction to Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum reaction to Sinope news reactions to the death of the Tsar reasons for war relations with Ottoman Empire relations with the United States repudiates San Stefano Treaty response to Russo- Turkish war (1878) Romanian exiles Romanian revolution and (1848) Russian foreign policy and and Russian plans for Greece (1820s) Russian rivalry in Asia secret gun-running to the Caucasus seeks recognition for Victor Emmanuel sympathy for the Polish cause Triple Alliance (1856) Tsar Nicholas I visit to London (1844) ultimatum to Tsar Nicholas (1854) unhappy with Crimean Peace war memorials the ‘war party’ see also Anglo-French alliance; British Army; Crimean War; Palmerston; Royal Navy;