The Crimean War

/>

Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Aberdeen’s foreign policies and aggressive campaign wanted anti- Russian league of states becomes Prime Minister (1855) belligerent reactions to Russian occupations Bessarabia/Moldavia border dispute council of war with allied leaders (1855) defends failure to support Poles the Four Points and and the Franco-Austrian peace ultimatum hated in Russia and much of Europe influence of Czartoryski keeps France on track for war Napoleon III and no action to support Hungarians plan for dismemberment of Russian Empire populist foreign policy the Press and punitive conditions at the Paris Peace Congress (1856) recruits mercenaries rejects French plan for Poland rejects peace initiatives returns to Cabinet (1853) sends Fleet to Besika Bay and Dardanelles Serpent Island incident (1856) Triple Alliance and Urquhart and Vienna Conference (1855) and ‘war of nationalities’ warns Serbs against supporting Russia

pan-Slavism Alexander II and and the Balkans Congress of Berlin (1878) and Grand Duke Constantine and Kiev Committee Moscow Slavic Benevolent Committee ruin of Russia St Petersburg Committee support for the war Tsar Nicholas and Tsar Nicholas legitimist policies attacked see also Slavs

Panmure, Fox Maule-Ramsay, Lord Panmure (Secretary of State for War): allows new assault on the Redan council of war with allied leaders (1855) field campaign memorandum rejected by Raglan intermediary for Raglan with the French Victoria Cross investiture warns Codrington of effects of drinking in the soldiery

Pardoe, Julia, The City of the Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks (1836)

Paris, Henry (‘Anglicus’)

Paris: Exposition Universelle (1855) new buildings and tarmacadamed streets official peace declaration (1856)

Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Paris Treaty (1857)

Parma, monarch restored

Parus (pan-Slav journal)

Paskevich, General Ivan Bulgarian strategy retires hurt sceptical of Tsar’s strategy advice sought after Inkerman warns of Austrian threat

Paul I, Tsar

Pavlov, Lt-Gen P. Ya. (11th Division), at Inkerman

Paxton, Joseph, huts for soldiers

peace initiatives: opportunity rejected by France and Britain (1854) Vienna Note (1853)

Peel, Sir Robert (1788 – 1850)

Peel, Sir Robert (1822 – 95), Times Crimean Fund … patron

Peelites, British peace party

Pelissier, General Aimable (French commander-in-chief) commits to combined attack on Mamelon and Quarry Pits first Malakhov assault and second Malakhov assault and

Penaud, Admiral, Baltic campaign (1855)

Pennefather, General Sir John Lysaght (2nd Division)

Persia: Anglo-Persian War (1856 – 7) British diplomacy loss of Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates (1828) occupation of Herat (1837 – 57) Russian advisers

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Fialin, duc de

Pestel’, Vladimir (governor of Simferopol)

Peter I the Great, Tsar: demands Greek rights at Holy Sepulchre ‘Testament of … .’

Peto, Samuel, Balaklava railway

Petrashevsky circle

Pflug, Ferdinand (doctor in Tsarist army)

Phanariots

Philiki Etaireia (Society of Friends)

photography: from the war zone wounded in military hospitals see also lithographs

Piedmont-Sardinia: annexation of Naples central Italian states annexed leads movement for Italian unification offers troops for Crimea war with Austria (1859) see also Sardinian army

Pine, Pvt John (Rifle Bde), death from scurvy and other conditions

Pirogov, Nikolai (military surgeon) work with nurses

Pius IX, Pope

Pluton (French steam corvette), lost in hurricane (1854)

Podpalov, Prokofii (orderly to Gen Golev)

Pogodin, Mikhail, pan-Slavism of

Poland Napoleon III’s plan Polish Legion to the allies (Sultan’s Cossacks) Palmerston’s plans for Paris Peace Conference (1856) and Polish officers in Hungarian army provisional Polish government revolutionary ‘Zouaves of Death’ seeks help from Napoleon Bonaparte struggle for freedom from Russia support in Britain support in France Warsaw uprising put down by Russia (1831) see also Congress Poland

Polar Star magazine

Polish army: disperses to Prussia and Western Europe (1831) joins the uprising (1830)

Polish exiles in Kars

Polotsk, Synod of (1839)

Poltava, battle of (1709)

Polusky, Russian General, truce after Mamelon fight

Ponsonby, John, 1st Viscount Hatt-i Sharif reforms and Vixen incident and

Popandul, Capt. (Russian artillery)

Portal, Robert (British cavalry officer), letters home

the Porte see Ottoman Empire

Porter, Maj (later Maj Gen) Whitworth RE race meeting Russian night raids spade work not appreciated

The Portfolio (Urquhart periodical)

Potemkin, Prince Grigorii

Pradt, Dominique-Georges-Frederic de, Parallele de la puissance anglaise et russe relativement a l’Europe

Press, the: and British public opinion campaign against Prince Albert censorship in France censorship free in Britain censorship in Russia effect of abolishing stamp duty in Britain false news reports influence of on British Politics influence on French foreign policy middle classes and in Britain and public opinion in Turkey reports of sufferings of troops war correspondents see also journalism; war correspondents by name (Chenery, Russell, Woods)

Priestley, Sgt (13th Lt Dragoons), first casualty of Crimea campaign

Prince, SS (supply ship), sunk in hurricane

Pristovoitov, Colonel, shortlived command of Soimonov’s Division

Protestants: the British character and church leaders and declaration of war Evangelicals with romantic views of Islam granted millet status by the Sultan missionary work in Ottoman Empire reaction to Orthodox rituals in Jerusalem see also Anglicans

Prussia: more reliable ally for Russia and Palmerston’s plans peace initiative (1853) war with Austrian Empire (1866) war with Denmark (1864) war with France (1870)

Pudovkin, Vsevolod, Admiral Nakhimov (film)

Pushkin, Alexander

Putiatin, Admiral Yevfimy Vasilyevich

Putin, Vladimir

Quarantine Battery (Sevastopol)

Quarry pits (Sevastopol)

Quarterly Review (journal)

Radcliffe, Capt William (20th Regt of Foot), letters home

Raglan, FitzRoy Somerset, Lord Raglan, C-in-C Crimea plans defence of London (1852) insistence on impractical uniform instructed to invade the Crimea (1854) refuses to carry out order to take Sevastopol and Perekop pre-landing conference with Saint-Arnaud at Alma unable to press on to Sevastopol wants immediate assault on Sevastopol advises against speaking to William Russell at Balaklava council of war with Canrobert and Omer Pasha initiates Light Brigade blunder warnings of weakness of British defences letter to Panmure about a Mamelon attack protests to Menshikov about Inkerman atrocities rejects encirclement of Sevastopol rejects Napoleon III’s field campaign Redan aftermath and death

railways: Balaklava Railway Euphrates Valley Railway in Russia

Rawlinson, Sir Henry, in Baghdad

Read, General, Chernaia river battle (1855)

Redan (Sevastopol) first British attack second British attack

Reeve, Henry

Reform Act (Great Britain 1832)

refugees: Orthodox Bulgarians Orthodox Christians from Bessarabia Polish Russians and Greeks in the Crimea Tatars

religion: British Protestantism clerical views of war in Britain importance of in Russia muscular Christianity Muslim troops at Silistria role of in fuelling wars Russian ‘weak neighbour’ policy and

religious toleration, in Turkey

religious wars: Nicholas I and Russia and Muslim neighbours see also Russo-Turkish wars

Resolute (supply ship), sunk in hurricane

Retribution, HMS (steam-frigate)

Rhodes, to go to Britain

Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Duc de, Odessa

Ridiger, Gen Fedor, Count, on need for military reforms

Rifaat Pasha (Ottoman Foreign Minister)

Robertson, James (war photographer)

Rochebrune, Francois, ‘Zouaves of Death’

Roebuck, John MP, calls for a select committee to investigate the army

Romaine, William (Deputy Judge Advocate)

Romania Crimean War beginnings debated at Paris Peace Congress (1856) Organic Statute (Reglement organique) Russian response to 1848 revolution see also Danubian principalities; Moldavia; Wallachia

Romanian