The Crimean War

leaders (1855) Danubian principalities for Austria de Morny’s Russian diplomacy decides to visit the Crimea and take charge direct discussions with Tsar Alexander II enthusiasm for war not shared by the public in exile Franco- Austrian peace ultimatum and Grand Duke Constantine and importance of alliance with Britain Italian independence/unification Kerch raid and letter to Queen Victoria looks for ways to bring troops home no firm pledge on Black Sea clauses on-off support for Poles opinion of Turks Palmerston and Paris Peace Congress (1856) peace celebrations peaceful intentions public opinion and purpose of capturing Sevastopol rapprochement with Russia rumours of a plot against search for peace with Russia secret armistice with Austria seeks diplomatic resolution with Russia (1854) ships sent to Aegean suggests broad revolutionary war in Europe supports second Malakhov attack terms for peace with Russia terrified of revolutionary violence (1855) threatens to act alone over Sinope Vienna Conference decisions (1855) see also Louis Napoleon, President of France (later Napoleon III)

Napoleon, Prince Napoleon, General (3rd Division), accused of ‘cowardice’

Napoleon (French steam warship)

Naqshbandiya (Sufi) sect

Nasmyth, Lt Charles (Bombay Artillery), at Silistria

nationalism: in the Balkans Greek Italian Russian Turkish see also Greek independence

NATO, and Warsaw Pact tensions

Naval and Military Bible Society

naval warfare, use of explosive shells

Navarino, battle of (1827)

Nelidov, Barbette, pan- Slav ideas at court

Nepokoichitsky, General

Nesselrode, Karl (Russian Foreign Minister) Alexander II amenable to negotiations blamed for retreat decision (1854) European diplomacy and Franco-Austrian peace terms replaced by Gorchakov sceptical of Tsar Nicholas’s strategy

New Jerusalem Monastery, Tsar Nicholas I and

New Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar)

New York Times (newspaper), article by Marx

New York Tribune (newspaper), article by Marx

Newcastle, Henry Pelham Pelham- Clinton, 5th Duke (Secretary of State for War) Raglan requests sanctions against The Times and Russell urges Raglan to dismiss Generals

Newcastle Guardian (newspaper)

Nice: Napoleon III and union with France

Nicholas I, Tsar: afraid of Austrian invasion Austria rebuffs approaches (1854) Austrian Empire Slavs encouraged Austrian Four Points accepted Balkan strategy believes Austria will join war with Ottomans blamed for the War commends the defenders of Sevastopol compared to Attila deep depression after Inkerman early military interests Evpatoria defeat and (1855) excessive faith in link with Franz Joseph fear of assassination by Poles fears collapse of Russian Empire feelings of betrayal by Austrians final ultimatum to Turks (1853) grievances against Western powers hereditary mental illness Holy Land religious rights and intransigent response to Western negotiations learns of Balaklava success legitimist principles letter to Gen Gorchakov in London (1844) loss of confidence after Inkerman and Evpatoria meets Pope Gregory XVI (1845) misconceptions about British government and monarchy mobilizes army without consulting ministers (1852) objects to British warships in Dardanelles opposition to French July revolution (1830) orders last assault on Silistria orders offensive against Evpatoria (1855) Orthodox uprisings hoped for overlooked strategic danger in Sevastopol pan-Slavism and Paskevich’s plans persecution of Catholics plans for containment of France with Britain plans partition of Ottoman Empire Polish alienation prepared to stir up Italy and Spain relations with Napoleon III reputation restored in Putin’s Russia Russia’s religious destiny and the crusade for Orthodoxy trust in ‘Generals January and February’ wants major offensive against Ottomans (1853) warning to Wallachian deserters death of

Niel, Gen Adolphe (French military engineer)

Nightingale, Florence: early life asked to provide nursing help for soldiers chooses her nurses Alexis Soyer and at Scutari rejects help from Seacole bronze statue added to Guards’ Memorial the ‘Lady with the Lamp’ legend post war celebrity ‘The True Story of the Nuns of Minsk

Nikitenko, Alexander, despair over state of Russia

Nikolaev

Nikolai Nikolaevich, Grand Duke army withdrawal to Danube comment on Menshikov Russo-Turkish War (1877 – 8)

Nikon, Orthodox Patriarch

Nogai nomads (Crimea)

Noir, Louis, Zouave officer: examples of combat stress impressions of British troops with Yusuf’s Bashi Bazouks at Alma at Inkerman trench digging at Sevastopol winter (1854 – 55)

Nolan, Capt Louis (15th Hussars)

Northern Liberator (Chartist newspaper)

Norway, Palmerston’s plans and

Novorossiia (New Russia): new cities Russian military build up Tatars and Count Stroganov

nurses and nursing Alexandra Stakhova sees Sevastopol burning in Britain after Crimea Dasha Sevastopolskaia high-born Russians nuns in French military hospitals at Scutari see also Nightingale, Florence; women

Obrenovi dynasty (Serbia)

Obrenovi, Prince Alexander

Obrenovi, Prince Mihailo

Obrenovi, Prince Milos

Ochakov

Odessa

Odessa Bulletin (Russian newspaper), reports of the battle of Alma

Odessa Shipping Company, in Villafranca Bay

Oliphant, Laurence, The Russian Shores of the Black Sea …

Omer Pasha, Ottoman General assessment of military needs in Bucharest (1854) in Bulgaria commencement of hostilities against Russia defence of Serbia (1853) in Evpatoria at Giurgevo pleads for force to relieve Kars supports Circassia campaign

Opium Wars: 1st (1839 – 42) 2nd (1857) see also China

O’Reilly, Lt. RN, view of the Bay of Sinope

Organic Statutes (Reglements organique), Serbia and Romania

Orlov, Count, chief of the Third Section attempt to contain rumours failed mission to Austria Paris Peace Congress (1856)

Orthodox Christianity (Eastern): Bessarabia ceremony of Holy Fire (Jerusalem) Christians settled in conquered territories Church of the Nativity Grotto in fear of Tatar bands Greek clergy wary of Russian religious ambitions Greek patriarch in Jerusalem opposition to Tanzimat reforms persecution of Catholics rivalry with Catholics in the Holy Land and Russian national identity

Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople

Osten-Sacken, General Dmitri: counsels against further offensives (August 1855) governor of Odessa in Sevastopol Tolstoy’s Plan for the Reform of the Army

Otto, prince of Bavaria and King of Greece

Ottoman army: make up of atrocities alleged in Kerch drinking European officers ill-treatment by British language a major problem pursuit of retreating Russians religious nature of reprisals Silistria and Danubian front terror tactics at Varna at Alma at Balaklava in Kars

Ottoman Empire: border line with Orthodox Russia British commercial interests (1830s) British foreign policy and Congress of Berlin resolutions corrupt bureaucracy Crimea obliterated from national memory Crimean War casualties cultural and religious make up customs and permissions in the Holy Land declaration of war on Russia (1853) declares jihad after Navarino effect on of Crimean War exposure to Western culture foreign capital investment France and fudges issue of Holy Sepulchre roof repairs Grand Council agrees to accept Vienna peace terms (1853) Grand Council refuses Menshikov’s demands and Greek independence Hatt-i Humayun decree Holy Land religious rights and hostility to interference from Britain lack of communications infrastructure liberal political reform in loss of the Crimea military backwardness Muslim institutions a brake on progress organizes support in Britain (1853) Orthodox subjects Palmerston’s plans Paris Peace Congress (1856) parliament established (1876) peace negotiations (1853) plan to meet further incursions by Russia planned to be a vassal state at point of collapse (1829) political asylum offered to Hungarian Poles reaction to Greek uprising in Moldavia and Wallachia resentment against Christians response to Tsar Alexander I’s ultimatum Romanian revolution 1848 and Russia invades and takes Kars Russian annexation of Crimea recognized (1792) Russian plans to partition San Stefano Treaty secular Ottomanism seeks help from Britain and France against Russians the ‘sick man of Europe’ signs Act of Balta Liman (1849) Slav subjects and Tsar Nicholas Tanzimat reforms see Tanzimat reforms; treatment/ persecution of Christians unaffected by Sinope war with Russia (1787 – 92; 1806 – 12; 1828 – 29) war with Russia (1853 – 6) war with Russia (1877 – 8) war with Serbia (1876) weakness of Westernizing liberal reforms see also Eastern Question; millet system; Ottoman army; Ottoman navy

Ottoman navy, at Sinope (1853)

Oudinot, General Charles Nicolas

pacifists, vilified by Russophobes

paintings, Crimean War subjects

Palestine, riots and attacks on Christians

Palgrave, William Gifford (British consul in Abkhazia)