Oklahoma Press, 1987); and Dean Snow, 'Microchronology and demographic evidence relating to the size of the pre-Columbian North American Indian population,' Science 268:1601-4 (1995). Two accounts of depopulation caused by European-introduced diseases among Hawaii's Polynesian population are David Stannard, Before the Horror: The Population of Hawaii on the Eve of Western Contact (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989), and O. A. Bushnell, The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993). The near-extermination of the Sadlermiut Eskimos by a dysentery epidemic in the winter of 1902-3 is described by Susan Rowley, 'The Sadlermiut: Mysterious or misunderstood?' pp. 361-84 in David Morrison and Jean-Luc Pilon, eds., Threads of Arctic Prehistory (Hull: Canadian Museum of Civilization, 1994). The reverse phenomenon, of European deaths due to diseases encountered overseas, is discussed by Philip Curtin, Death by Migration: Europe's Encounter withthe Tropical World in the 19th Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). Among accounts of specific diseases, Stephen Morse, ed., EmergingViruses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), contains many valuable chapters on 'new' viral diseases of humans; so does Mary Wilson et al., eds., Disease in Evolution, Annals of the New York Academy of Sci- 4 4 2, •FURTHERreadings ences, vol. 740 (New York, 1995). References for other diseases include the following. For bubonic plague: Colin McEvedy, 'Bubonic plague,' Scientific American 258(2):118-23 (1988). For cholera: Norman Longmate King Cholera (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1966). For influenza: Edwin Kilbourne, Influenza (New York: Plenum, 1987), and Robert Webster et al., 'Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses,' Microbiological Reviews 56:152-79 (1992). For Lyme disease: Alan Barbour and Durland Fish, 'The biological and social phenomenon of Lyme disease,' Science 260:1610-16 (1993), and Allan Steere, 'Lyme disease: A growing threat to urban populations,' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 91:2378-83(1994). For the evolutionary relationships of human malarial parasites: Thomas McCutchan et al., 'Evolutionary relatedness of Plasmodium species as 3 determined by the structure of DNA,' Science 225:808-11 (1984), and A. P. Waters et al., ''Plasmodium falciparum appears to have arisen as a result of lateral transfer between avian and human hosts,' Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences 88:3140-44 (1991). For the evolutionary relationships of measles virus: E. Norrby et al., 'Is rinderpest virus the archevirus of the Morbillivirus genus?' Intervirology 23:228-32 (1985), and Keith Murray et al., 'A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans,' Science 268:94-97 (1995). For pertussis, also known as whooping cough: R. Gross et al., 'Genetics of pertussis toxin,' Molecular Microbiology 3:119-24 (1989). For smallpox: Donald Hopkins, Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); F. Vogel and M. R. Chakravartti, 'ABO blood groups and smallpox in a rural population of West Bengal and Bihar (India),' Human Genetics 3:166-80 (1966); and my article 'A pox upon our genes,' Natural History 99(2):26-30 (1990). For monkeypox, a disease related to smallpox: Zdenek Jezek and Frank Fenner, Human Monkeypox (Basel: Karger, 1988). For syphilis: Claude Quetel, History of Syphilis (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990). For tuberculosis: Guy Youmans, Tuberculosis (Philadelphia: Saunders, 1979). For the claim that human tuberculosis was present in Native Americans before Columbus's arrival: in favor, Wilmar Salo et al., 'Identification of Mycobacteriutn tuberculosis DNA in a pre-Columbian Peruvian mummy,' Proceedings ofthe National Academy of Sciences 91:2091-94 (1994); opposed, William Stead et al., 'When did Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection first occur 10 FURTHERREADINGS • 443 the New World?' American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 151:1267-68 (1995). Chapter 12 Books providing general accounts of writing and of particular writing systems include David Diringer, Writing (London: Thames and Hudson, 1982), I. J– Gelb, A Study of Writing* 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), Geoffrey Sampson, Writing Systems (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985), John DeFrancis, Visible Speech (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989), Wayne Senner, ed., The Origins of Writing (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), and J. T. Hooker, ed., Reading the Past (London: British Museum Press, 1990). A comprehensive account of significant writing systems, with plates depicting texts in each system, is David Diringer, The Alphabet, 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London: Hutch-inson, 1968). Jack Goody, The Domestication of the Savage Mind (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), and Robert Logan, The Alphabet Effect (New York: Morrow, 1986), discuss the impact of literacy in general and of the alphabet in particular. Uses of early writing are discussed by Nicholas Postgate et al., 'The evidence for early writing: Utilitarian or ceremonial?' Antiquity 69:459-80 (1995). Exciting accounts of decipherments of previously illegible scripts are given by Maurice Pope, The Story of Decipherment (London: Thames and Hudson, 1975), Michael Coe, Breaking the Maya Code (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992), John Chadwick, The Decipherment of LinearB (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), Yves Duhoux, Thomas Palaima, and John Bennet, eds., Problems in Decipherment (Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1989), and John Justeson and Terrence Kaufman, 'A decipherment of epi-Olmec hieroglyphic writing,' Science 259:1703-11 (1993). Denise Schmandt-Besserat's two-volume Before Writing (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992) presents her controversial reconstruction of the origins of Sumerian writing from clay tokens over the course of nearly 5,000 years. Hans Nissen et al., eds., Archaic Bookkeeping (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), describes Mesopotamian tablets that represent the earliest stages of cuneiform itself. Joseph Naveh, Early History 444' FURTHER READINGS of the Alphabet (Leiden: Brill, 1982), traces the emergence of alphabets in the eastern Mediterranean region. The remarkable Ugaritic alphabet is the subject of Gernot Windfuhr, 'The cuneiform signs of Ugarit,' Journal ofNear Eastern Studies 29:48-51 (1970). Joyce Marcus, MesoamericanWriting Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient Civilizations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), and Elizabeth Boone and Walter Mignolo, Writing without Words (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), describe the development and uses of Mesoamerican writing systems. William Boltz, The Origin and Early Development of the ChineseWriting System (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1994), and the same author's 'Early Chinese writing,' World Archaeology 17:420-36 (1986), do the same for China. Finally, Janet Klausner, Sequoyah's Gift (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), is an account readable by children, but
