Guns, Germs & Steel

by Charles Heiser, Jr., are popular accounts of particular crops: The Sunflower (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976) and The Gourd Book (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1979).
Many papers or books are devoted to accounts of particular domesticated animal species. R. T. Loftus et al., 'Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle,' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci~ences U.S.A. 91:2757-61 (1994), uses evidence from mitochondrial DNA to demonstrate that cattle were domesticated independently in western Eurasia and in the Indian subcontinent. For horses: Juliet Glutton-Brock, Horse Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), Richard Meadow and Hans- Peter Uerpmann, eds., Equids in the Ancient World (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1986), Matthew J. Kust, Man and Horse in History

FURTHERREADINGS • 439
(Alexandria, Va.: Plutarch Press, 1983), and Robin Law, The Horse in West African History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980). For pigs: Colin Groves, Ancestors for the Pigs: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sus (Technical Bulletin no. 3, Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University note 18). For llamas: Kent Flannery, Joyce Marcus, and Robert Reynolds, The Flocks ofthe Wamani (San Diego: Academic Press, 1989). For dogs: Stanley Olsen, Origins of the Domestic Dog (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985). John Varner and Jeannette Varner, Dogs of the Conquest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983), describes the Spaniards' use of dogs as military weapons to kill Indians during the Spanish conquests of the Amer-icas. Clive Spinnage, The Natural History of Antelopes (New York: Facts on File, 1986), gives an account of the biology of antelopes, and hence a starting point for trying to understand why none of these seemingly obvious candidates for domestication was actually domesticated. Derek Good-win, Domestic Birds (London: Museum Press, 1965), summarizes the bird species that have been domesticated, and R. A. Donkin, The Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata domestica (Rotterdam: Balkema, 1989), discusses one of the sole two bird species domesticated in the New World.
Finally, the complexities of calibrating radiocarbon dates are discussed by G. W. Pearson, 'How to cope with calibration,' Antiquity 61:98-103 (1987), R. E. Taylor, eds., Radiocarbon after Four Decades: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (New York: Springer, 1992), M. Stuiver et al., 'Calibration,' Radiocarbon 35:1-244 (1993), S. Bowman 'Using radiocarbon: An update,' Antiquity 68:838-43 (1994), and R. E. Taylor, M. Stuiver, and C. Vance Haynes, Jr., 'Calibration of the Late Pleistocene radiocarbon time scale: Clovis and Folsom age estimates,' Antiquity vol. 70 (1996).
Chapter 11
For a gripping account of the impact of disease on a human population, nothing can match Thucydides' account of the plague of Athens, in book
of his Peloponnesian War (available in many translations).
1 hree classic accounts of disease in history are Hans Zinsser, Rats, Lice,and History (Boston: Little, Brown, 1935), Geddes Smith, A Plague on Us (New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1941), and William McNeill, Plagues

44o' FURTHER READINGS
and Peoples (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1976). The last book, written by a distinguished historian rather than by a physician, has been especially influential in bringing historians to recognize the impacts of disease, as have been the two books by Alfred Crosby listed under the further readings for the Prologue.
Friedrich Vogel and Arno Motulsky, Human Genetics, 2nd ed. (Berlin: Springer, 1986), the standard textbook on human genetics, is a convenient reference for natural selection of human populations by disease, and for the development of genetic resistance against specific diseases. Roy Ander-son and Robert May, Infectious Diseases of Humans (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), is a clear mathematical treatment of disease dynamics, transmission, and epidemiology. MacFarlane Burnet, NaturalHistory of Infectious Disease (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), is a classic by a distinguished medical researcher, while Arno Kar-len, Man and Microbes (New York: Putnam, 1995), is a recent popular account.
Books and articles specifically concerned with the evolution of human infectious diseases include Aidan Cockburn, Infectious Diseases: Their Evolution and Eradication (Springfield, 111.: Thomas, 1967); the same author's 'Where did our infectious diseases come from?' pp. 103-13 in Health and Disease in Tribal Societies, CIBA Foundation Symposium, no. 49 (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1977); George Williams and Randolph Nesse, 'The dawn of Darwinian medicine,' Quarterly Reviews of Biology 66:1-62 (1991); and Paul Ewald, Evolution of Infectious Disease (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
Francis Black, 'Infectious diseases in primitive societies,' Science 187:515-18 (1975), discusses the differences between endemic and acute diseases in their impact on, and maintenance in, small isolated societies. Frank Fenner, 'Myxoma virus and Oryctolagus cuniculus: Two colonizing species,' pp. 485-501 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, eds., Geneticsof Colonizing Species (New York: Academic Press, 1965), describes the spread and evolution of Myxoma virus among Australian rabbits. Peter Panum, Observations Made during the Epidemic of Measles on the FaroeIslands in the Year 1846 (New York: American Public Health Association, 1940), illustrates how the arrival of an acute epidemic disease in an isolated nonresistant population quickly kills or immunizes the whole population. Francis Black, 'Measles endemicity in insular populations: Critical community size and its evolutionary implication,' Journal of Theoretical

FURTHERREADINGS – 441
Biology 11:207-11 (1966), uses such measles epidemics to calculate the minimum size of population required to maintain measles. Andrew Dob-son, 'The population biology of parasite-induced changes in host behavior,' Quarterly Reviews of Biology 63:139-65 (1988), discusses how parasites enhance their own transmission by changing the behavior of their host. Aidan Cockburn and Eve Cockburn, eds., Mummies, Diseases, andAncient Cultures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), illustrates what can be learned from mummies about past impacts of diseases.
As for accounts of disease impacts on previously unexposed populations, Henry Dobyns, Their Number Became Thinned (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1983), marshals evidence for the view that European-introduced diseases killed up to 95 percent of all Native Americans. Subsequent books or articles arguing that controversial thesis include John Verano and Douglas Ubelaker, eds., Disease and Demography in theAmericas (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992); Ann Ramenofsky, Vectors of Death (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1987); Russell Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (Norman: University of