Guns, Germs & Steel

are C. Wesley Cowan and Patty Jo Watson, eds., The Origins of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992), David Harris and Gordon Hillman, eds., Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of PlantExploitation (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), and C. Barigozzi, ed., TheOrigin and Domestication of Cultivated Plants (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986). Two engaging popular accounts of plant domestication by Charles Heiser, Jr., are Seed to Civilization: The Story of food, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), and Of Plants and People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985). J. Smartt and N. W. Simmonds, ed., Evolution of Crop Plants, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, j) is the standard reference volume summarizing information about or the world's major crops and many minor ones. Three excellent

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papers describe the changes that evolve automatically in wild plants under human cultivation: Mark Blunder and Roger Byrne, 'The ecological genetics of domestication and the origins of agriculture,' Current Anthropology 32:23-54 (1991); Charles Heiser, Jr., 'Aspects of unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants,' Euphytica 37:77-81 (1988); and Daniel Zohary, 'Modes of evolution in plants under domestication,' in W. F. Grant, ed., Plant Biosystematics (Montreal: Academic Press, 1984). Mark Blumler, 'Independent inventionism and recent genetic evidence on plant domestication,' Economic Botany 46:98-111 (1992), evaluates the evidence for multiple domestications of the same wild plant species, as opposed to single origins followed by spread.
Among writings of general interest in connection with animal domestication, the standard encyclopedic reference work to the world's wild mammals is Ronald Nowak, ed., Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). Juliet Glutton-Brock, Domesticated Animals from Early Times (London: British Museum note 16, 1981), gives an excellent summary of all important domesticated mammals. I. L. Mason, ed., Evolution of Domesticated Animals (London: Longman, 1984), is a multi-author volume discussing each significant domesticated animal individually. Simon Davis, The Archaeology of Animals (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), provides an excellent account of what can be learned from mammal bones in archaeological sites. Juliet Glutton- Brock, ed., The Walking Larder (London: Unwin-Hyman, 1989), presents 31 papers about how humans have domesticated, herded, hunted, and been hunted by animals around the world. A comprehensive book in German about domesticated animals is Wolf Herre and Manfred Rohrs, Haustiere zoologisch gesehen (Stuttgart: Fischer, 1990). Stephen Budiansky, The Covenant of the Wild (New York: William Morrow, 1992), is a popular account of how animal domestication evolved automatically from relationships between humans and animals. An important paper on how domestic animals became used for plowing, transport, wool, and milk is Andrew Sheratt, 'Plough and pastoralisnv. Aspects of the secondary products revolution,' pp. 261-305 in lan Hod-der et al., eds., Pattern of the Past (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Accounts of food production in particular areas of the world include a deliciously detailed mini-encyclopedia of Roman agricultural practices, Pliny, Natural History, vols. 17-19 (Latin text side-by-side with English;

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translation in the Loeb Classical Library edition note 17); Albert Ammerman and L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, TheNeolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), analyzing the spread of food production from the Fertile Crescent westward across Europe; Graeme Barker, Prehistoric Fanning in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1985), and Alasdair Whittle, Neolithic Europe: A Survey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), for Europe; Donald Henry, from Foraging to Agriculture: The Levant at the End of the Ice Age (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1989), for the lands bordering the eastern shore of the Mediterranean; and D. E. Yen, 'Domestication: Lessons from New Guinea,' pp. 558-69 in Andrew Pawley, ed., Man anda Half (Auckland: Polynesian Society, 1991), for New Guinea. Edward Schafer, The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963), describes the animals, plants, and other things imported into China during the T'ang dynasty.
The following are accounts of plant domestication and crops in specific parts of the world. For Europe and the Fertile Crescent: Willem van Zeist et al., eds., Progress in Old World Falaeoethnobotany (Rotterdam: Bal-kema, 1991), and Jane Renfrew, Paleoethnobotany (London: Methuen, 1973). For the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley, and for the Indian subcontinent in general: Steven Weber, Plants and Harappan Subsistence (New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1991). For New World crops: Charles Heiser, Jr., 'New perspectives on the origin and evolution of New World domesticated plants: Summary,' Economic Botany 44(3 suppl.):! 11-16 (1990), and the same author's 'Origins of some cultivated New World plants,' Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 10:309-26 (1979). For a Mexican site that may document the transition from hunting-gathering to early agriculture in Mesoamerica: Kent Flan-nery, ed., Guild Naquitz (New York: Academic Press, 1986). For an account of crops grown in the Andes during Inca times, and their potential uses today: National Research Council, Lost Crops of the Incas (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989). For plant domestication in the eastern and / or southwestern United States: Bruce Smith 'Origins of agriculture in eastern North America,' Science 246:1566-71 (1989); William Keegan, ed., Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1987); Richard Ford, ed., Pre-tstonc Food Production in North America (Ann Arbor: University of

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Michigan Museum of Anthropology, 1985); and R. G. Matson, The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991). Bruce Smith, 'The origins of agriculture in the Americas,' Evolutionary Anthropology 3:174-84 (1995), discusses the revisionist view, based on accelerator mass spectrometry dating of very small plant samples, that the origins of agriculture in the Americas were much more recent than previously believed.
The following are accounts of animal domestication and livestock in specific parts of the world. For central and eastern Europe: S. Bok6nyi, History of Domestic Mammals in Central and Eastern Europe (Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, 1974). For Africa: Andrew Smith, Pastoralism in Africa (London: Hurst, 1992). For the Andes: Elizabeth Wing, 'Domestication of Andean mammals,' pp. 246-64 in F. Vuilleumier and M. Monasterio, eds., High Altitude Tropical Biogeography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
References on specific important crops include the following. Thomas Sodestrom et al., eds,, Grass Systematics and Evolution (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1987), is a comprehensive multi-author account of grasses, the plant group that gave rise to our cereals, now the world's most important crops. Hugh Iltis, 'From teosinte to maize: The catastrophic sexual transmutation,' Science 222:886-94 (1983), gives an account of the drastic changes in reproductive biology involved in the evolution of corn from teosinte, its wild ancestor. Yan Wenming, 'China's earliest rice agricultural remains,' Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 10:118-26 (1991), discusses early rice domestication in South China. Two books