Guns, Germs & Steel

Renews 66:453-62 (1991). David Steadman summarizes recent evidence that extinction waves accompanied human settlement of Pacific islands in his paper 'Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: Biodiversity meets zooarchaeology,' Science 267:1123-31 (1995).
Popular accounts of the settlement of the Americas, the accompanying, extinctions of large mammals, and the resulting controversies are Brian .|| Fagan, The Great Journey: The Peopling of Ancient America (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1987), and chapter 18 of my book The Third Chimpanzee, both of which provide many other references. Ronald Carlisle, ed., ;..| Americans before Columbus: Ice-Age Origins (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1988), includes a chapter by J. M. Adovasio and his colleague* on pre-Clovis evidence at the Meadowcroft site. Papers by C. Vane* J

FURTHERREADINGS • 433
Haynes, Jr., an expert on the Clovis horizon and reported pre- Clovis sites, include 'Contributions of radiocarbon dating to the geochronology of the peopling of the New World,' pp. 354-74 in R. E. Taylor, A. Long, and r. S. Kra, eds., Radiocarbon after Four Decades (New York: Springer, 1992), and 'Clovis-Folson geochronology and climate change,' pp. 219-36 in Olga Soffer and N. D. Praslov, eds., From Kostenki to Clovis: UpperPaleolithic Paleo-Indian Adaptations (New York: Plenum, 1993). Pre-Clovis claims for the Pedra Furada site are argued by N. Guidon and G. Deli-brias, 'Carbon-14 dates point to man in the Americas 32,000 years ago,' Nature 321:769-71 (1986), and David Meltzer et al., 'On a Pleistocene human occupation at Pedra Furada, Brazil,' Antiquity 68:695-714 (1994). Other publications relevant to the pre-Clovis debate include T. D. Dillehay et al., 'Earliest hunters and gatherers of South America,' Journalof World Prehistory 6:145-204 (1992), T. D. Dillehay, Monte Verde: ALate Pleistocene Site in Chile (Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989), T. D. Dillehay and D. J. Meltzer, eds., The First Americans:Search and Research (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991), Thomas Lynch 'Glacial-age man in South America?—a critical review,' American Antiquity 55:12-36 (1990), John Hoffecker et al., 'The colonization of Beringia and the peopling of the New World,' Science 259:46-53 (1993), and A. C. Roosevelt et al., 'Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon: The peopling of the Americas,' Science 272:373-84 (1996).
Chapter 2
Two outstanding books explicitly concerned with cultural differences among Polynesian islands are Patrick Kirch, The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), and the same author's The Wet and the Dry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994). Much of Peter Bellwood's The Polynesians, rev. ed. (London: Thames and Hudson, 1987), also deals with this problem. Notable books dealing with specific Polynesian islands include Michael King, Moriori (Auckland: Penguin, 1989), on the Chatham Islands, Patrick Kirch, Feathered Gods and Fishhooks (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985), on Hawaii, Patrick Kirch and Marshall Sahlins, Anahulu (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), also on Hawaii, Jo Anne Van Tilburg, hland (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1994),

434* FURTHER READINGS
and Paul Bahn and John Flenley, Easter Island, Earth Island (London: Thames and Hudson, 1992).
Chapter 3
My account of Pizarro's capture of Atahuallpa combines the eyewitness accounts by Francisco Pizarro's brothers Hernando Pizarro and Pedro Pizarro and by Pizarro's companions Miguel de Estete, Cristobal de Mena, Ruiz de Arce, and Francisco de Xerez. The accounts by Hernando Pizarro, Miguel de Estete, and Francisco de Xerez have been translated by Clements Markham, Reports on the Discovery of Peru, Hakluyt Society, 1st ser., vol. 47 (New York, 1872); Pedro Pizarro's account, by Philip Means, Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru (New York: Cortes Society, 1921); and Cristobal de Mena's account, by Joseph Sinclair, The Conquest of Peru, as Recorded by a Member of the PizarroExpedition (New York, 1929). The account by Ruiz de Arce was reprinted in Boletin de la Real Academia de Historia (Madrid) 102:327-84 (1933). John Hemming's excellent The Conquest of the Incas (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970) gives a full account of the capture and indeed of the whole conquest, with an extensive bibliography. A 19th-century account of the conquest, William H. Prescott's History of the Conquest of Peru (New York, 1847), is still highly readable and ranks among the classics of historical writing. Corresponding modern and classic 19th-century accounts of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs are, respectively, Hugh Thomas, Conquest: Montezuma, Cortes, and the Fall of Old Mexico (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), and William Prescott, Historyof the Conquest of Mexico (New York, 1843). Contemporary eyewitness accounts of the conquest of the Aztecs were written by Cortes himself (reprinted as Hernando Cortes, Five Letters of Cortes to the Emperornote 14) and by many of Cortes's companions (reprinted in Patricia de Fuentes, ed., The Conquistadorsnote 15).
Chapters 4-10
References for these seven chapters on food production will be combined, since many of the references apply to more than one of them.

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Five important sources, all of them excellent and fact-filled, address the question how food production evolved from the hunter-gatherer lifestyle: Kent Flannery, 'The origins of agriculture,' Annual Reviews of Anthropology 2:271-310 (1973); Jack Harlan, Crops and Man, 2nd ed. (Madison Wis.: American Society of Agronomy, 1992); Richard MacNeish, The Origins of Agriculture and Settled Life (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992); David Rindos, The Origins of Agriculture: An EvolutionaryPerspective (San Diego: Academic Press, 1984); and Bruce Smith, TheEmergence of Agriculture (New York: Scientific American Library, 1995). Notable older references about food production in general include two multi-author volumes: Peter Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby, eds., The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals (Chicago: Aldine, 1969), and Charles Reed, ed., Origins of Agriculture (The Hague: Mouton, 1977). Carl Sauer, Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (New York: American Geographical Society, 1952), is a classic early comparison of Old World and New World food production, while Erich Isaac, Geography ofDomestication (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), addresses the questions of where, when, and how regarding plant and animal domestication.
Among references specifically about plant domestication, Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of Plants in the Old World, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), stands out. It provides the most detailed account of plant domestication available for any part of the world. For each significant crop grown in western Eurasia, the book summarizes archaeological and genetic evidence about its domestication and subsequent spread.
Among important multi-author books on plant domestication