Code 2.0

47.

David Brin, The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Pri- vacy and Freedom? (Boulder: Perseus, 1999), 324.

48.

Though the plan remains uncertain. In June 2006, Google co-founder Sergey Brin expressed some doubts about Google's plans. See Thomas Crampton, 'Google Is Voicing Some Doubt Over China,' International Herald Tribune, June 7, 2006.

Part II notes

Chapter Six notes

1.

Mike Godwin, Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age (New York: Times Books, 1998), 15. See also Esther Dyson, Release 2.0: A Design for Living in the Digital Age (New York: Broadway Books, 1997), who asserts: 'Used right, the Internet can be a powerful enabling technology fostering the development of communities because it supports the very thing that creates a community — human interaction' (32); see also Stephen Doheny-Farina, The Wired Neighborhood (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 121–37. For an important collection examining community in cyberspace, see Marc A. Smith and Peter Kollock, Communities in Cyberspace (New York: Routledge, 1999). The collection ranges across the social issues of community, including 'social order and control,' 'collective action,' 'community structure and dynamics,' and 'identity.' The same relationship between architecture and norms assumed in this chapter guides much of the analysis in Smith and Kollock's collection.

2.

As I explored in Code v1, the newest 'communitarian' on the Net might be business. A number of influential works have argued that the key to success with online businesses is the development of 'virtual communities'; see, for example, Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998), 101–9; John Hagel and Arthur G. Armstrong, Net Gain: Expanding Markets Through Virtual Communities (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). The explosion of essentially community based entities, such as Wikipedia and MySpace, in the time since confirms the insight of these authors.

3.

For a detailed study of Internet demographics, see E-Consultancy, Internet Statistics Compendium, April 12, 2006, available at http://www.e- consultancy.com/publications/internet-stats-compendium/ . (cached: http://www.webcitation.org/5IwtDjaMW).

4.

For a great sense of how it was, see the articles by Rheingold, Barlow, Bruckman, and Ramo in part 4 of Richard Holeton, Composing Cyberspace: Identity, Community, and Knowledge in the Electronic Age (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998). Howard Rheingold's book (the first chapter of which is excerpted in Holeton's book) is also an early classic; see The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993). Stacy Horn's book is a brilliant text taken more directly from the interchange (and more) online; see Cyberville: Clicks, Culture, and the Creation of an Online Town (New York: Warner Books, 1998).

5.

For an excellent description, see Jonathan Zittrain, 'The Rise and Fall of Sysopdom,' Harvard Journal of Law and Technology 10 (1997): 495.

6.

As Steven Johnson puts it: 'In theory, these are examples of architecture and urban planning, but in practice they are bound up in broader issues: each design decision echoes and amplifies a set of values, an assumption about the larger society that frames it'; Interface Culture: How New Technology Transforms the Way We Create and Communicate (San Francisco: Harper, 1997), 44. See also Nelson Goodman, 'How Buildings Mean,' in Reconceptions in Phi- losophy and Other Arts and Sciences, edited by Nelson Goodman and Catherine Z. Elgin (London: Routledge, 1988), 31– 48. The same insight applies to things as well as spaces. See Langdon Winner, 'Do Artifacts Have Politics?,' in The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 19–39. To say a space or thing has values, however, does not say it determines any particular result. Influences and agency are many.

7.

Mark Stefik, The Internet Edge, 14–15.

8.

Cf. Godwin, Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age (New York: Times Books, 1998): ('If you're face-to-face with someone, you're exposed to countless things over which the other person may have had no conscious control — hair color, say, or facial expressions. But when you're reading someone's posted ASCII message, everything you see is a product of that person's mind') 42; see also ibid., 44.

9.

See Martha Minow, Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American