Matt Ridley

7. Lowe, S. W. (1995). Cancer therapy and p53. Current Opinion in Oncology 7: 547-53.

8. Huber, A . O . and Evan, G. I. (1998). Traps to catch unwary oncogenes.

Trends in Genetics 14: 364—7.

9. Cook-Deegan, R. (1994). The gene wars: science, politics and the human genome.

W. W. Norton, New York.

10. Krakauer, D. C. and Payne, R. J. H. (1997). The evolution of virus-induced apoptosis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 264: 1757-62.

11.. Le Grand, E. K. (1997). An adaptationist view of apoptosis. Quarterly Review of Biology 72: 135—47.

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C H R O M O S O M E 1 8

Geoff Lyon and Peter G o r n e r ' s blow-by-blow account of the development of gene therapy, Altered fates ( N o r t o n , 1996) is a g o o d place to start. Eat your genes by Stephen Nottingham (Zed Books, 1998) details the history of plant genetic engineering. Lee Silver's Remaking Eden (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997) explores the implications of reproductive technologies and genetic engineering in h u m a n beings.

1. Verma, I. M. and Somia, N. (1997). G e n e t h e r a p y - promises, problems and prospects. Nature 389: 239—42.

2. Carter, M. H. (1996). Pioneer Hi-Bred: testing for gene transfers. Harvard Business School Case Study N 9 - 5 9 7 - 0 5 5 .

3. Capecchi, M. R. (1989). Altering the g e n o m e by homologous recombination. Science 244: 1288—92.

4. First, N. and T h o m s o n , J. (1998). F r o m cows stem therapies? Nature Biotechnology 16: 620—21.

C H R O M O S O M E 1 9

T h e promises and perils of genetic screening have been discussed at great length in many books, articles and reports, but few stand out as essential sources of wisdom. Chandler Burr's A separate creation: how biology makes us gay (Bantam Press, 1996) is one.

1. Lyon, J. and G o r n e r , P. (1996). Altered fates. N o r t o n , N e w York.

2. E t o , M., Watanabe, K. and Makino, I. (1989). Increased frequencies of apolipoprotein E2 and E4 alleles in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Clinical Genetics 36: 183—8.

3. Lucotte, G., Loirat, F. and Hazout, S. (1997). Patterns of gradient of apolipoprotein E allele *4 frequencies in western E u r o p e . Human Biology 69: 2 5 3 - 6 2 .

4. K a m b o h , M. I. (1995). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Human Biology 67: 195—215; Flannery, T. (1998).

Throwim way leg. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, L o n d o n .

3 3 4 G E N O M E

5. Cook-Degan, R. (1995). The gene wars: science, politics and the human genome.

Norton, New York.

6. Kamboh, M. I. (1995). Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. Human Biology 67: 195—215; Corder, E. H. et al.

(1994). Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nature Genetics 7: 180—84.

7. Bickeboller, H. et al. (1997). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotypic-specific risks by age and sex. American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 439— 46; Payami, H. et al. (1996). Gender difference in apolipoprotein E-associated risk for familial Alzheimer disease: a possible clue to the higher incidence of Alzheimer disease in women. American Journal of Human Genetics 58: 803 — 11; Tang, M.-X. et al. (1996). Relative risk of Alzheimer disease and age-at-onset distributions, based on APOE genotypes among elderly African Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics in New York City. American Journal of Human Genetics 58: 574—84.

8. Caldicott, F. et al. (1998). Mental disorders and genetics: the ethical context.

Nuffield Council on Bioethics, London.

9. Bickeboller, H. et al. (1997). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: genotypic-specific risks by age and sex. American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 439— 46.

10. Maddox, J. (1998). What remains to be discovered. Macmillan, London.

11. Cookson, C. (1998). Markers on the road to avoiding illness. Financial Times, 3 March 1998, p. 18; Schmidt, K. (1998). Just for you. New Scientist, 14 November 1998, p. 32.

12. Wilkie, T. (1996). The people who want to look inside your genes.

Guardian, 3 October 1996.