Sashenka

children and I wondered: how did they survive? And how would any of us have behaved in such terrible times?

Above all, this is a book about love and family—but I also wanted to make these strange and tragic times in Russian history interesting for readers who perhaps wouldn’t read history books. The details of high society in St. Petersburg, its shops, restaurants and clubs, prisons and dives, its tycoons and secret policemen, the Smolny school and the Okhrana offices, and many of its outrageous characters such as Prince Andronnikov are mainly factual. In the Soviet period, Stalin, Beria, Rodos and Kobylov are historical, as are the details of the prisons, their guards, and the customs of the labyrinthine Soviet bureacracy. The language and details of the documents in part three are real too, although some of the archives have been invented. The village of Beznadezhnaya is imaginary, though typical of many places I’ve known in the north Caucasus.

The story of Sashenka and her family is inspired by many true stories, including those of the Jewish wives of Stalin’s henchmen, the arrests of writers such as Isaac Babel, and the case of Zhenya, the wife of Nikolai Yezhov, the NKVD boss who destroyed all those who loved her. (This also appears in my history Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar.)

I owe a huge debt to my sources, whose work I have used liberally: for part one (St. Petersburg, 1916), I used Vladimir Nabokov’s famous and exquisite memoir, Speak Memory; a brilliant privately published memoir of a wealthy Jewish family, The Silver Samovar by Alexander Poliakoff, whom I knew as a boy; The Five by Vladimir Jabotinsky; Ilya Ehrenburg’s multivolumed memoirs; as well as novels such as The Moskat Family and The Manor by Isaac Bashevis Singer.

On the history, politics, art and society, I used a superb book, Passage Through Armageddon by W. Bruce Lincoln. On the details of the Tsarist secret police, see Russian Hide-and-Seek: The Tsarist Secret Police in St. Petersburg, 1906–14 by Iain Lauchlan and The Foe Within by William C. Fuller, Jr. But I found most of this material during the research for my latest history book, Young Stalin.

On the Stalin period in part two, most of the material comes from my own research into the Soviet elite for my history, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, but I owe much to brilliant material in The KGB’s Literary Archive by Vitaly Shentalinsky. I also used the novella The House on the Embankment by Yury Trifonov and the novels in the Arbat trilogy by Anatoli Rybakov.

Recent history books such as Stalinism as a Way of Life by Lewis Siegelbaum and Andrei Sokolov, Thank You Comrade Stalin by Jeffrey Brooks and Rulers and Victims by Geoffrey Hosking were invaluable sources. The outstanding and unforgettable book The Whisperers by Orlando Figes is especially enlightening because it reveals how Sashenka’s story was, in many ways, commonplace. I recommend it to anyone who is intrigued by my story and wants to know what really happened to private lives and families in Russia. Even in the 1990s—even now—Russian families are discovering their extraordinary pasts and being reunited with vanished relations.

Experts will recognize that Mendel’s letter complaining of his treatment in prison is closely based on the tragic letter written by the theatrical director V. Meyerhold.

As for my sources for part three, the age of the oligarchs, and of course the mysteries and delights of archival research in Russia, all I can say is that I spent a lot of time as a journalist and then a historian in both Moscow and the Caucasus during the 1990s. Most of the material in his section has been drawn from my own experiences.

Thanks to Galina Babkova for investigating what it was like to study at the Smolny; to Galina Oleksiuk, who taught me Russian, and has corrected and checked the manuscript for Russian context; to Nestan Charkviani for giving me Georgian color; to Marc and Rachel Polonsky for having me to stay at their apartment in the Granovsky Building; and to Dominic Lieven for his encouragement.

Thanks to everyone at my publishers, Transworld, and in particular to Bill Scott-Kerr, Deborah Adams for her copy-editing skills and Claire Ward and Anne Kragelund for the cover image. I have been most blessed by the brilliant, expert, sensitive and meticulous work of my editor, Selina Walker.

My parents, Stephen and April Sebag-Montefiore, edited and improved the book. My wife Santa, an accomplished novelist as well as a loving best friend, gave me golden advice on character and plot. And the exuberant charm of my beloved children—daughter Lily and son Sasha—constantly encouraged and inspired me.

Simon Montefiore

December 2007

A NOTE ON NAMES AND LANGUAGE

Places in Russia tend to change their names with the tides of history. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter the Great in 1703 and was known as such until 1914, when Nicholas II changed its Germanic sound to Petrograd, “Peter’s city.” In 1924, the Bolsheviks renamed it Leningrad. In 1991 it became St. Petersburg once again. Tiflis is now known as Tbilisi, the capital of independent Georgia.

The rulers of Russia were called Tsars, though in 1721 Peter the Great declared himself Emperor and thenceforth the Romanovs were known as both.

Russians use three names in a formal context: a first name, a patronymic (meaning son/daughter of) and a surname. Thus Sashenka’s formal name is Alexandra Samuilovna Zeitlin and Vanya’s is Ivan Nikolaievich Palitsyn. But Russians (and Georgians) usually also use diminutives as nicknames: Sashenka is the diminutive of Alexandra and Vanya is the diminutive of Ivan, etc.

In the Pale of Settlement, the Jews spoke Yiddish as their vernacular, prayed in Hebrew and petitioned in Russian. The Georgian language is totally different from Russian and has its own alphabet and literature.

CAST OF CHARACTERS

The names of historical figures are marked with an asterisk.

The Family: the Zeitlins

Sashenka (Alexandra Samuilovna) Zeitlin, schoolgirl at the Smolny Institute

Baron Samuil Moiseievich Zeitlin, St. Petersburg banker and Sashenka’s father

Baroness Ariadna (Finkel Abramovna) Zeitlin, nee Barmakid, Sashenka’s mother

Gideon Moiseievich Zeitlin, Samuil’s brother, journalist/novelist

Vera Zeitlin, his wife, and their two daughters,

Vika (Viktoria) Zeitlin and

Mouche (Sophia) Zeitlin, actress

The Family: the Barmakids

Abram Barmakid, Rabbi of Turbin, Ariadna and Mendel’s father

Miriam Barmakid, Ariadna and Mendel’s mother

Avigdor Abramovich “Arthur” Barmakid, Ariadna and Mendel’s brother who left for England

Mendel Abramovich Barmakid, Ariadna and Avigdor’s brother, Bolshevik leader

Natasha, a Yakut, Mendel’s wife and Bolshevik comrade

Lena (Vladlena), only daughter of Mendel and Natasha

The Zeitlin Household

Lala, Audrey Lewis, Sashenka’s English governess

Pantameilion, chauffeur

Leonid, butler

Delphine, the French cook

Luda and Nyuna, parlormaids

Shifra, Samuil’s old governess