reviewing and commenting on a draft manuscript; Maja von Oettingen for help in evaluating the John Demjanjuk trial in Munich; Selma Laydesdorff, professor of oral history and culture, Amsterdam, for sharing her contacts; Mickle Beletsky for materials from Kiev; Martin Starger for introducing me to Delphinium Books.
James Yancey at the Jimmy Carter Library and David Clark at the Harry S. Truman Library for their help in retrieving documents; William Davis, archives specialist at the Center for Legislative Archives, U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, for help in finding old legislative documents; the periodicals division of the Broward County Library, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, for help in finding and copying old newspaper articles.
Melissa K. Waterman, paralegal specialist at the National Records Center, Lee’s Summit, Missouri; the legal information analysts in the Law Reading Room of the Library of Congress, especially Megan Lulofs; the reference specialists in the European Division of the Library of Congress, especially Taru R. Spiegel; the reference staff in the reading room of the U.S. National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
Special thanks to the historians and archives staff of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), especially Michlean Amir, Peter Black, Ronald Coleman, Vincent Slatt, and Megan Lewis; and to Tom Teicholtz for the use of his Demjanjuk notes and papers held in the USHMM archives.
Very special thanks to Constance and Tim Burr for their careful review of the work in progress, their valuable comments, and their belief in this project; my wife, Paula Kaufmann, for her many edits of an emotionally draining book; Delphinium publishers Cecile Engel and Lori Milken for having the courage to publish this work; Lisl Cade for her advice and enthusiasm; Thomas F. Pitoniak for his careful copyediting; Greg Mortimer for his book design; and Carl Lennertz for shepherding this book through the editorial process.
I would also like to thank the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum for permission to include in this book four photographs from its photo archives. However, the views or opinions expressed in this book, and the context in which the images are used, do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of—nor imply approval or endorsement by—the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
ABBREVIATIONS
BIA: Board of Immigration Appeals
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
CIC: Counter Intelligence Corps, U.S. Army
CROWCASS: Central Registry of War Criminals and Security Suspects
CID: Criminal Investigation Division, U.S. Army
DOJ: U.S. Department of Justice
DP: displaced person
DPA: Displaced Persons Act
DPC: Displaced Persons Commission
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation
FHO: Foreign Army–East (Nazi intelligence organization)
FOIA: Freedom of Information Act
GAO: General Accounting Office (since 2004, the Government Accountability Office)
INS: Immigration and Naturalization Service
IRO: International Refugee Organization
JCS: Joint Chiefs of Staff
JDL: Jewish Defense League
NSC: National Security Council
OPC: Office of Policy Coordination, Central Intelligence Agency
OSI: Office of Special Investigations, U.S. Department of Justice
OSS: Office of Strategic Services
OUN: Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
PPS: Policy Planning Staff, U.S. Department of State
RLA: Russian Liberation Army
ROC: Romanian Orthodox Church
SD: Sicherheitsdienst (SS intelligence organization)
SLU: Special Litigation Unit, U.S. Department of Justice
SS: Schutzstaffel (Nazi paramilitary organization)
SANACC: State-Army-Navy-Air Force Coordinating Committee
SWNCC: State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee
UPA: Ukrainian Insurgent Army
RFE: Radio Free Europe
RL: Radio Liberation/Liberty
VOA: Voice of America
TIMELINE
PRE-WORLD WAR II
April: Iwan Demjanjukis born.
Stalin creates a forced famine in Ukraine.
March: Germany annexes Austria (
July: Evian Conference is held in Evian-les-Bains, France.
November: Kristallnacht explodes in Germany.
May: German steamer
September: Germany invades Poland. Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
WORLD WAR II
September: Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.
Winter: U.S. Navy seaman Nathan Schnurman is a victim of mustard gas experiments at the U.S. Army Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland.
January: Iron Guardist Viorel Trifa incites a riot and pogrom in Bucharest, Romania.
June: Germany invades the Soviet Union.
Fall: Demjanjuk is seriously wounded in battle at the Dnieper River.
December: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor. United States declares war on Japan. Nazi Germany and its Axis partners declare war on the United States.
May: Demjanjuk is captured by the German army during the battle of Kerch.
