Useful Enemies

xii Besides Ukraine, the countries that have recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide include: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, and the United States.

xii “You could see each”: Hryshko, 96.

xiii Estimated 3.3 million: Three to four million purged by Stalin is the number generally accepted by scholars.

xiii Over 160,000 Red Army: This figure comes from German reports on the battle.

xiii Soviet military law required Iwan to kill himself: This was Demjanjuk’s testimony in every trial and hearing. For example, in the 1981 denaturalization trial he said: “I had been a soldier in the Red Army and there was a regulation that if you were going to be taken prisoner, you had to shoot yourself.”

xiv During the winter of 1941–42, an estimated two million”: Berkhoff, 89.

xvii According to Gottlieb: The Demjanjuk family’s American sponsor was Donald Coulter; the last name of the Polish family in Indiana was Underwood; and the last name of family friends in Cleveland was Lishchuk.

PART ONE

CHAPTER ONE

Sources

Adams, Walter. “Extent and Nature of the World Refugee Problem.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1939.

Birnbaum, Ervin. “Evian: The Most Fateful Conference of All Time.” Nativ: A Journal of Politics and the Arts, February 2009.

Black, Conrad. Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs, 2003.

Brecher, Frank. Reluctant Ally: U.S. Foreign Policy Toward Jews from Wilson to Roosevelt. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Breitman, Richard, and Alan Kraut. American Refugee Policy and European Jewry 1933– 1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987.

Cantril, Hadley, and Mildred Strunk. Public Opinion, 1935–1946. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951.

Estorick, Eric. “The Evian Conference and the Intergovernmental Committee.” Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, vol. 203, May 1939.

Feingold, Henry L. The Politics of Rescue: The Roosevelt Administration and the Holocaust 1938–1945. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.

Meir, Golda. My Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975.

Mendelsohn, John. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in 18 Volumes. New York: Garland, 1982.

Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died. New York: Random House, 1968.

Ogilvie, Sarah A., and Scott Miller. “Jewish Emigration: The SS St. Louis Affair and Other Cases.” In Refuge Denied: The St. Louis Passengers and the Holocaust. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.

Proceedings of the Intergovernmental Committee, Evian, Switzerland, July 6–15, 1938. New York: Institute for Jewish Research, 1980.

Proudfoot, Malcolm J. European Refugees: A Study in Forced Movement. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1956.

Rosen, Robert. Saving the Jews: Franklin Roosevelt and the Holocaust. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006.

Sabin, Gloria, and Ernest Honig. The World’s Indifference. New York: Holocaust Survivors of Auschwitz, n.d.

Shaw, Annette. The Evian Conference—Hitler’s Green Light for Genocide. Christian Action for Israel, 2001. www.christianactionforisrael.org/antih olo/evian/evian.html/.

Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House, 2007.

Thomas, Gordon, and Max Morgan-Witts. Voyage of the Damned: A Shocking True Story of Hope, Betrayal and Nazi Terror. New York: Stein & Day, 1974.

Zucker, Bat Ami. In Search of Refuge: Jews and US Consuls in Nazi Germany, 1933– 1941. London: Vallintine Mitchell, 2001.

“The Voyage of the St. Louis.” U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php? ModuleID=100005267.

Notes

4 “The world seemed”: “Settlement of Refugees,” Manchester Guardian, May 23, 1936. The paper quotes Weizmann’s address to a London refugee conference sponsored by the League of Nations.

4 Unemployment statistics for 1938 come from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

5 “Should we allow”: Cantril and Strunk, 385. The poll was taken on November 22, 1938.

5 Poll data are from Black, Rosen, Smith, and Zucker. For more on anti-Semitism in the United States see Zucker, chap. 2, “Anti-Semitism: The American Scene.”

5 “Stop the leak before”: Rosen, 63.

5 “It is heart breaking”: “The Refugee Question as a Test of Civilization,” NYT, July 4, 1938.

5 “No country would be”: Department of State Bulletin, Press Release, March 24, 1938, as quoted by Brecher, 61.

6 Required a certificate of: Birnbaum, 136.

6 Only granted 18,000: Black, 489.

7 “Viewed as a whole”: Adams.

7 “I am satisfied”: The July 20, 1938, report to the State Department can be found in Mendelsohn, vol. 5, 245.

8 “I don’t think that anyone”: Meir, 27.

8 St. Louis news stories are from NYT: “Fear Suicide Wave on Refugees’ Ship,” June 1, 1939; Hart Philips, “Cuba Orders Liner and Refugees to Go,” June 2, 1939; “Refugee Ship Idles Off Florida Coast,” June 5, 1939; “Ship Sails Back with 907 Jews Who Fled Nazis,” June 7, 1939; “Cuba Again Asked to Admit Refugees,” June 8, 1939.

8 Were 938 paying passengers: Ogilvie lists the names of all the passengers in an appendix.

10 Schroeder sailed north: Schroeder had only 908 passengers at this point. One refugee had died of a heart attack. One had attempted suicide by slitting his wrists and jumping overboard. He was taken to a Havana hospital. Six non-Jews with valid visas were admitted to Cuba as well as twenty-two Jews with valid visas.

10 Unemployment rate was still over seventeen percent: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

10 “The German refugees”: Ogilvie and Miller, 25.

10 “The St. Louis will not”: Thomas and Witts, 254.

10 “Repeating urgent appeal”: Ogilvie and Miller, 23–24.

11 Great Britain accepted 288 refugees, the Netherlands 181, Belgium 214, and France 244.

11 254 weren’t so lucky: Ogilvie traced the fate of all the St. Louis