Sources Allen, Charles, Jr. Nazi War Criminals in America: Facts… Action. New York: Highgate House, 1985.
——. “Nazi War Criminals Among Us.” Jewish Currents, 1963. Arad, Yitzak. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.
——. “Popular Collaboration in the Baltic States: Between Evasion and Facing a Burdensome Past.” In The Refugee Experience: Ukrainian Displaced Persons After World War II, edited by Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Yury Boshyk, and Roman Senkus. Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 1992.
Arad, Yitzak, Shmuel Krakowski, and Shmuel Specto. The Einsatzgruppen Reports. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.
Brecher, Reluctant Ally.
Cantril and Strunk, Public Opinion.
The DP Story: The Final Report of the United States Displaced Persons Act Commission. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952.
Gilbert, Martin. Auschwitz and the Allies. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1981.
Karski, Jan. The Story of a State Secret. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1944.
Laqueur, Walter. The Terrible Secret. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980.
Mendelsohn, John. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in 18 Volumes.
Rashke, Richard. Escape From Sobibor. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987.
Rosen, Saving the Jews.
Sereny, Gita. Into That Darkness. New York: Vintage, 1983.
Stauber, Roni, ed. Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust. New York: Routledge Jewish Studies Series, 2011.
Wood, E. Thomas, and Stanislaw Jankowski. Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
Notes 12 The account of the Swedish plan comes from Rashke, chap. 17, and Sereny, 215–17.
13 For details on the Bermuda Conference see: Rashke, chap. 17; Laqueur, 133–34; Gilbert, 131–37; and Reingold, 67–208. Brecher and Rosen have excellent analyses.
13 The Karski story comes from Rashke, Karski, and Wood and Jankowski. Karski mistakenly claimed that Belzec was the death camp he visited disguised as an Estonian guard. Wood and Jankowski have clarified the issue.
13 “I am convinced”: Karski’s visit to President Roosevelt comes from Karski, Rashke, and the author’s 1981 interviews with Karski, who died in 2000.
13 “Absolutely fantastic”: S. S. Alden, “Memorandum for Mr. Ladd: Re Bermuda Conference on Refugees,”April 13, 1943, NA, RG 65,FBI Subject Files, Box 16.
14 “The ‘sob sister’ crowd”: Rosen, 281.
15 Truman’s response to the DP Act can be found in full in “Truman’s Statement on Refugee Bill,” NYT, June 26, 1948. See also The DP Story and NYT: “Prejudice Blocks DP Legislation, Javits Charges,” Feb. 18, 1948; “House Group Acts on DP’s, But Quota Cut to 200,000,” April 30, 1948; “House Votes 289–291 To Take 200,000 DP’s In Next Two Years,” June 12, 1948.
15 IOP poll: Cantril and Strunk, 1089.
17 The origins and workings of the Einsatzgruppen are highly documented from hundreds of “situation” and “operation” reports (field reports) discovered by the U.S. Army at the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin as well as testimony from dozens of war crimes trials. For summaries see: Mendelsohn; Arad, Einsatzgruppen; Yale F. Edeiken, “An Introduction to the Einsatzgruppen,” Holocaust History Project, http://holocaust-history.org/intro- einsatz; “Einsatzgruppen,” Nizkor Project, http://www.nizkor.org; and http://www.deathcamp.org/reinhard/hiwis.
17 “We were actually frightened”: Quoted by Allen, Nazi War Criminals, 10.
17 Einsatzgruppe C engaged: Deposition of Nazi Paul Blobel, Mendelsohn, vol. 10, 131–34.
17 Einsatzgruppe A description and quotes are from: Mendelsohn, vol. 10, 248–49.
18 The Himmler story comes from Edeiken, 2.
18 Although Nazi collaborators may have numbered in the hundreds of thousands, they represented only a minority of citizens from their respective homelands. Furthermore, it would be unfair to single out Balts, Belorussians, and Ukrainians as collaborators. Other occupied countries not annexed by the Soviet Union, such as Croatia and Hungary, also had militia groups that worked closely with the Nazis. Croatia had the Ustashi; Hungary had the Arrow Cross.
18 “As the firing started”: Arad, Einsatzgruppen, 8.
18 “Indispensable”: This conclusion is generally voiced both by Holocaust scholars and by Nazi administrators.
18 Over 70 percent: The DP Story, 243. A further breakdown is Poland/Ukraine (34 percent), Latvia (9.3), Lithuania (6.4), and Estonia (2.6). Belorussia is lumped with Russia. From Table Three, 366.
Sources Angrick, Andrej, and Peter Klein. The ‘Final Solution’ in Riga. New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.
Dean, Martin. Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belorussia and Ukraine. New York: St. Martin’s Press in association with the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2000.
Ezergailis, Andrew, ed. The German Occupation of Latvia: 1941–1945: What Did America Know? Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia, 2002.
——. Symposium of the Commission of Historians of Latvia. Vol. 5, The Occupation of Latvia, 1941–1945. Riga: Historical Institute of Latvia, 2002.
Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow, 1993.
Gitelman, Zvi, ed. Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
——. The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War. New York: Henry Holt, 1985.
Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1985.
Inimical List. Washington, DC: Displaced Persons Commission, June 21, 1951.
Lowe, Keith. Savage Continent: Europe in the Aftermath of World War II. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2012.
