The End

12th Army 303, 339, 366

surrender (May 1945) 368

17th Army 168

19th Army (in Austria) 368

21st Army 340

12th Panzer Division 311–12

116th Panzer Division 63

see also Panzer Division Kurmark

A4 rocket see V2 rockets

Aachen 59, 62, 70, 131, 133, 143

capitulation (October 1944) 70, 91, 318–19

evacuation 62–5

Oppenhoff as American-appointed Mayor 279

Abwehr (military counter-intelligence) 328

administrative systems/bureaucracy 3–15, 35, 41–2, 52, 83, 89–91, 96, 98, 127, 145, 162–4

centres of government (April 1945–on) 341–2

fragmentation of 14–15, 38–41, 42–4, 65–6, 225, 276–9, 315–21, 323–5, 340–44, 392, 393

Gauleiter (provincial/regional governors) see Gauleiter

post-capitulation 377

in pre-war Germany 13

under Donitz as Reich president 358–62, 377

under Goebbels 40–41, 75–9, 146, 241–2

air superiority (Allied) 60, 61, 79, 90, 121, 132, 150, 160, 236, 247, 254, 265

Alexander, Field-Marshal Sir Harold 369

Allied bombing raids 3, 17, 20, 55, 62, 63, 64, 76, 84, 99, 146, 152, 189, 193, 197, 297, 317, 322, 332

air-raid shelters 276, 283

anti-aircraft defence 135, 277

on Berlin 22, 190–91, 236, 239, 242, 277, 282–3, 294, 309; casualties 191

casualty figures 191, 235, 236, 236–40, 379

on Dresden 235, 236–40, 243

effect of 258, 379; on armament production 79, 80, 134, 135, 140, 244; on civilian population 121, 124, 125, 126, 142–3, 146, 148–52, 273, 275–6, 320–21; on fuel supplies 79–80, 135; on industry 79–80, 82, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 150, 235–6; on transport 79, 82, 136, 137, 138, 140, 142–3, 144, 287, 299

Eisenhower’s threat to renew (May 1945) 371

on Hamburg 235, 238

on Munich 236, 238

round-the-clock 235

total tonnage dropped 236

Allied Control Commission 378

Allied invasion (1944–5), in the East see Red Army

Allied invasion (1944–5), in the West 24, 27,

54–91, 116, 119, 120, 206, 296–7, 299–301

D-Day (6 June 1944) 17, 54–5, 120

Alsace offensive (North Wind) 165, 170, 254

Ardennes offensive (Autumn Mist) see Ardennes offensive

Austria, invasion of 300

maps of 19, 57

progress of 54–5, 58–60, 67–8, 69–75, 131–2, 247, 253–6, 257, 258, 259, 299–300, 318–21, 366–7, 387– 8

Rhine crossing 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 266, 268–9, 270, 271, 281–2, 288–9, 297

Allied powers, German attempts to negotiate with 280–86

by Goebbels and Bormann 352

by Himmler 241, 329, 330, 331, 336–7, 346; with US 229–30

by von Ribbentrop 280–81, 282–3, 291

by Wolff, with OSS 285, 363

Allied strategy/tactics 10, 15, 18, 54–5, 56, 280, 300

errors in 58, 59–60, 96, 387–8

unconditional surrender, demand for 7–8, 10, 50–51, 71, 246, 271, 354, 361, 362, 369, 370–71, 375, 386–7; in Italy 364

Alsace offensive (North Wind) (December 1944) 164, 170, 254

Altendorf 335

Altotting 344

Alzey 268

America see United States

American Army 3, 54–5, 56, 62, 63, 116, 121, 131, 254, 257, 258, 260, 261, 271, 273, 297, 300, 315, 316, 322, 326, 333, 342–3, 344, 366, 368, 369

First Army 59, 131

Third Army 58, 131, 160, 254, 255, 299

Sixth Army 131

Ninth Army 131, 247

V Corps 59

VII Corps 59

in Ardennes offensive 128, 130, 155–7, 160

casualty figures 132

in Italy 364

‘negro’ soldiers 156, 157

Red Army, meeting up with (April 1945) 339

troop numbers 364

see also Allied invasion

American prisoners of war, German execution of 156

Angerapp river 110

Ansbach 3–5

Antwerp 56, 58, 130, 132, 153, 156, 160, 388

Ardennes offensive (Autumn Mist) (December 1944) 127–8, 129–34, 135, 140, 155–7, 159–61, 164–5, 388

aims/objectives 130, 132–3, 156, 160

American troops in 128, 130, 155–7, 160

British troops in 130, 131, 160

as a failure 160–61, 166, 170, 207, 294, 397

Hitler on 131–2, 133

Jodl’s plans for 129, 130, 133, 134

Keitel and 131–2, 133, 135

map of 158

progress of 155–7, 159–60

armaments 11, 44, 53, 60, 256

anti-aircraft defence 135, 277

labour supply for 23, 24–5, 64, 69, 76–9, 81–3

loss/destruction of 94, 95, 165, 255, 260