The Kiss of Death

Altitude:

adaptation of T. infestans to, 191;

chagasic heart disease and, 20, 81, 83, 165, 204

Alva, Juan Jose, 147

Amando Phillippi, Rodolfo, 28

Amastigotes, of T. cruzi, 160, 160 , 162, 212

Amazon Basin, spread of Chagas’ disease to, 96-97

Amoebic dysentery, 1

Amphibians, resistance to T. cruzi, 205

Andes:

Chagas’ disease and ethnomedicine, 30-45;

chagasic heart disease and altitude, 20, 81, 83-84;

history of Chagas’ disease in, 19-29.

See also Bolivia; Peru

Andrade, Z., 200

Animal husbandry, 148

Animals, as hosts for T. cruzi, 47, 51, 194-95

Antezana, Gerardo, 199-200

Anthropology, and interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-47

Antibiotics, 87

Antibody, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 206, 208, 210-12

Antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 208, 209, 213

Antigenic mimicry hypothesis, 86

Antigens:

African trypanosomes and variation in, 213;

immunization for T. cruzi and, 169-70

Anti-laminin antibodies, 215

Arata, Andy, xx

Archaeology:

evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from Chile, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;

evidence of Chagas’ disease from preceramic period in Peru, 22-23

Arctic biomes, and species of triatomines, 193

Argentina, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Armadillos (Dasypus), 163, 195

Arnold, D. Y., 90

Arrazola, Suzanna, 229 n.6

Arrhythmia, and chagasic heart disease, 203, 204, 232 n.4

Arriaza, B., 19

Artemisia absinthum, 43

Assassin bugs. See T. infestans

Atawallpa (Inca king), 27

Ausangate (Peru), 38

Autoantibody, 225, 232 n.6

Autoimmune response:

immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;

pathogenesis of Chagas’ disease and, 213-16

Avila, Father Francisco de, 156

Aymara (Bolivia):

adaptation to environment, 142-43;

colonization and migration of, 96;

housing and, 90, 92-93, 96, 100, 101, 140

Aynisina (mutual aid), and housing improvements, 93, 117, 119, 152

Azara, Felix de, 9

B

Bachelard, Gaston, 89

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 209

Banda Navia, John, 179-80

Banzer, Gen. Hugo, 233n.2

Barbeiros. See Triatoma infestans

B-cells, 199

Behavior, and preventative health measures, 115

Bell’s Palsy, 108, 109

Beltran, Jose, xviii, 56, 124-33, 233n.3, 235n.3, 235n.6

Beni, Department of (Bolivia), 97

Benznidazole, and treatment of Chagas’ disease:

efficacy of, 224;

ethnomedicine and, 45;

maternal transmission to fetus and, 61;

recommendations on use of, 222-23;

therapeutic efficacy of, 50

Bermudez, H., 237n.1

Beta-carotene alkaloids, 44

Binary fission, and reproduction of T. cruzi, 160, 161

Biocultural diversity, in Bolivia, 155

Biomedicine:

Bolivian class system and, 39, 231n.2;

Culture Context Model for Chagas’ prevention, 141-42;

definition of illness, 40;

ethics of in Bolivia and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;

integration with ethnomedicine in Bolivia, xvi-xvii;

interdisciplinary approach to prevention of Chagas’ disease, 146-49;

Kallawaya herbalists and, xvi-xvii

Birds, resistance to T. cruzi, 205-206

Bisquinaldines, 220

Bittencourt, A. L., 230 n.6

Blastocrithidia spp., 187

Blood:

cultures and diagnosis of Chagas’ disease, 217, 218;

life cycle of T. infestans and, 173;

transfusions and transmission of T. cruzi infection, 59-60, 223, 229-30n.4, 230n.5

Bolivia, and Chagas’ disease:

authoritarian governments, 233n.2;

baseline studies in Chuquisaca, 226-27;

biomedical ethics and Indians as trial subjects, 228-29n.2;

case study of chagasic esophagus, 75-76;

case study of enlarged colon, 20-22, 65-75;

case study of heart disease, 78-87;

culture context model for control, 134-45;