The Kiss of Death

epidemiology in Bolivia and, 50-51;

evasive strategies of T. cruzi and, 229 n.2;

gentian violet, 223-24;

lytic antibody (LA) levels and, 211;

nifurtimox, 45, 50, 61, 71, 220-22, 224;

possible new drugs, 223, 224-25

Chickens, resistance to T. cruzi infection, 195, 206

Chifleras (women herbal vendors), 151

Children, and Chagas’ disease:

attitudes toward T. infestans in Bolivia, 54, 56;

contamination with feces of T. infestans, 59;

immunization for T. cruzi and, 171;

nifurtimox and, 220;

public education and, 111-16, 31;

statistics on death in Bolivia, 48;

subcutaneous nodules and, 49-50. See also Congenital transmission

Child Survival Program (USAID), xix-xx

Chile:

archaeological evidence of Chagas’ disease in mummies from, 19-20, 23, 164, 206;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184;

records of T. infestans in 1800s, 28

Chinchona calasaya, 4

Cholo (peasants):

class and housing in urban Bolivia, 99-101

Choromoro (Bolivia), 20-22, 226

Chuquisaca, Department of (Bolivia), and Chagas’ disease:

baseline studies in, 226-27;

chagasic colonopathy, 73;

chagasic esophageal problems, 75-76;

high incidence of, 81-82, 183;

housing and prevention, 107-23;

infestation of houses with T. infestans, 182, 183

Cielsielski, S., 94

Class:

health education projects and, 132-33;

housing and urbanization in Bolivia, 97-101;

stratified system of Bolivian society, 39, 132-33

Climate:

epidemiology of Chagas’ disease and, 182-83;

of Tarija (Bolivia) and incidence of Chagas’ disease, 125-26;

triatomine vectors of T. cruzi in Bolivia and, 191;

vectorial transmission of T. cruzi and, 192. See also Ecology

Clubes de Madres (mother’s clubs), 144

Coca leaves, 34-35, 44, 75-76

Cochamba, Department of (Bolivia), 182, 183

Colon, and Chagas’ disease:

archaeological evidence of in mummies, 19;

case studies of in Bolivia, 20-22, 65-75;

Kallawaya herbalists and, 35

Colonialism, spread of Chagas’ disease and political economy of, 28-29

Colonization, Bolivian agrarian reform and spread of Chagas’ disease, 95-97

Colostomy, 70

Columbia, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Columbus, Christopher, 28

Communication, and Culture Context Model of Chagas’ prevention, 138. See also Cross-cultural communication

Community, participation of in Chagas’ prevention programs, 121-22

Community and Child Health (CCH), 182, 233 n.2, 235 n.2, 236 n.1

Community health workers (CHW):

agriculture and animal husbandry, 148-49;

housing improvement and concepts of aynisina and turqasina, 93;

infrastructure for Chagas’ control projects and, 112, 113, 234 n.9;

training of in Bolivia, 67

Complement, and immune response to T. cruzi infection, 205, 206, 211, 212

Complement-fixation test (CFT), 219

Complement-mediated lysis, 211, 212

Concientizacion (Consciousness-raising), and public education on Chagas’ disease, 113-15, 122, 234 n.8

Congenital transmission, of Chagas’ disease:

epidemiology in Bolivia, 60-62, 64, 230-31 n.7-9;

epidemiology in Latin America, 230n.6;

heart disease and, 80;

nifurtimox and benznidazole, 224

Constipation, and T. cruzi infection in Bolivia, 71. See also Colon

Contamination, and feces of T. infestans, 58-59

Control of Chagas’ Disease (WHO, 1991), xx-xxi

Cooperatives, in Bolivia, 152

Costa Rica, infestation of houses with T. infestans, 184

Cost-benefit analysis, of economic impact of Chagas’ disease, 150

Couto, Miguel, 16-18

C-reactive protein (CRP), 201

Credit problems, and loans for housing improvement, 139

Cross-cultural communication, and health education, 131, 133

Cross-cultural community participation (CCCP), and Chagas’ prevention programs, 122

Cross-reactive autoantibodies, 232 n.6

Croton roborensis. See Sangre de Drago

Cruz, Oswaldo, 2-3, 12, 14-15, 16

CSA (conventional serological antibodies), 210-11

Culture, and Chagas’ disease:

Andean ethnomedicine and, 45;

context model for control, 134-45;

housing and physical proximity of vectors and hosts in Bolivia, 88-106;

restoration of traditional and prevention in Bolivia, 29

Culture Context Triangle (CCT), 134-45

Cunha-Neto, Edecio, 232 n.7

Cunningham, D. D., 1