The Crusader

audience that his CIA would devote “a large slice” of funding to conventional activities, he added: “But they will have to be supplemented by increased efforts to assess economic vulnerabilities.” See Casey address to the Annual Meeting of the Business Council, HS, VA, May 9, 1981, in Liedl, Scouting the Future, 8, 16–24.

35. Clark has spoken to this a number of times. Among others, see Schweizer, Victory, xvi, xix. Reagan gave Casey the green light to do countless things that a DCI is not supposed to do. Some will protest that that was a big problem. Others will say it was critical in damaging the USSR. None can deny the influence Casey was granted.

36. “Untouchable Crook: Political Profile of CIA Director W. Casey,” Sovetskaya Rossiya, December 17, 1986, published as “Sovetskaya Rossiya Profiles CIA Director Casey,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-31-Dec-86, December 31, 1986, A2–A5.

37. Casey said this in his October 1986 speech at Ashland College. A Pravda article (which follows) said he made the claim in San Antonio, Texas as well.

38. V. Korionov, “Rejoinder: Just You Try!,” Pravda, May 22, 1985, 5, published as “Casey’s Speech in San Antonio Attacked in Pravda,” in FBIS, FBIS-24-MAY-85, May 24, 1985, A2.

39. Casey delivered this speech in October 1986. See Liedl, Scouting the Future, 36.

40. Derek Leebaert, The Fifty-Year Wound (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 503, 694n. Leebaert’s sources are Norm Bailey and Richard Perle.

41. Ibid., 524.

42. Quoted in Schweizer, Victory, xv.

43. Clark notes that Reagan “clearly saw that security issues and the economy were inextricably linked.” This was certainly true at home, but he also understood the link as it applied to the USSR. Reagan, said Clark, “pronounced this many times, both as it related to the Soviet Union and to ourselves.” Bill Clark, “President Reagan and the Wall,” Address to the Council of National Policy, San Francisco, California, March 2000, 3–5.

44. As Clark put it, Reagan “worked closely” with these men “to configure a securityminded economic strategy that would constrict financial and other forms of Western lifesupport being tapped by the Kremlin.” See Bailey, The Strategic Plan That Won the Cold War, ii.

45. Interviews with Roger Robinson, June 6 and 8, 2005.

46. On Reagan addressing this, see Reagan, “Interview With Julius Hunter of KMOXTV,” St. Louis, Missouri, July 22, 1982.

47. Interview with Cap Weinberger, October 10, 2002.

48. Interview with Gus W. Weiss, November 13, 2002.

49. The information in this section is taken from material provided to me by Weiss as well as my interviews with Weiss. Among the materials, I’ve relied primarily on an article titled, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” published by Weiss in 1996 in a CIA journal called Studies in Intelligence. Weiss also provided me with a strange, poorly written and poorly organized forty-eight-page bound document titled, “The Farewell Dossier: Strategic Deception and Economic Warfare in the Cold War,” published by Weiss through the American Tradecraft Society, which Weiss told me was a kind of memoir, and which I did not rely upon. I did interviews with Weiss on November 13, 14, 17, 26, and 30, 2002 and on February 18, 2003 (among others), mainly through e-mail, and spoke to him in person at a function at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, DC in early November 2002. Information on the Farewell Dossier has since been published in a Washington Post article by David E. Hoffman and in books by Thomas Reed and Derek Leebaert. Like Weiss, Reed is a primary source. Reed was granted permission from the CIA to share his information. All nonfootnoted material in this section comes from the materials that Weiss shared with me and from my interviews with him.

50. Weiss, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” Studies in Intelligence, 124; and Reed, At the Abyss, 266–67.

51. Decades earlier, the Soviets had great success in penetrating American atomic research. Now, they were interested in all technologies, not just for military reasons but mainly for economic ones.

52. Weiss, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” Studies in Intelligence, 124. 53. Reed, At the Abyss, 267.

54. Interviews with Weiss and Reed, At the Abyss, 267–68, 270.

55. On this, see Weiss, “Duping the Soviets: The Farewell Dossier,” Studies in Intelligence, 125; David E. Hoffman, “Reagan Approved Plan to Sabotage Soviets,” Washington Post, February 27, 2004, A1; and Reed, At the Abyss, 266–70.

56. Interviews with Weiss and Reed, At the Abyss, 267–68, 270.

57. Information on the directives has been published in a variety of sources. Perhaps the best is Christopher Simpson, National Security Directives of the Reagan and Bush Administrations: The Declassified History of U.S. Political and Military Policy, 1981–1991 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995). The directives are also on file at the Reagan Library, which is where I read most of them. 58. Bill Clark, “President Reagan and the Wall,” Address to the Council of National Policy, San Francisco, California, March 2000.

59. Interview with Bill Clark, August 24, 2001.

60. Pipes, “Misinterpreting the Cold War,” 157.

61. Shultz interviewed on “The Point with Greta Van Susteren,” CNN, February 6, 2001. Shultz said the same to me in a July 15, 2003 interview in Palo Alto, California. 62. NSDD-24, February 9, 1982. NSDD is on file at the Reagan Library. See Simpson, NSDDs of Reagan and Bush, 58; and Richard Perle, “Department of Defense Position on the Soviet-West European Natural Gas Pipeline,” November 21, 1981, AFPCD 1981, 431–34. 63. NSDD-24 was a follow-up to the White House’s December 30, 1981 ban on U.S. exports that might assist the pipeline project, an embargo implemented in response to the Communist imposition of martial law in Poland.

64. It is not clear who, if anyone, Reagan was quoting here, though he appeared to be quoting someone. Reagan, “Remarks at the AFL-CIO,” April 5, 1982.

65. Reagan, “Remarks to Citizens in Hambach, Federal Republic of Germany,” May 6, 1985.

66. Reagan, “Address at Commencement Exercises at Eureka College,” Eureka, Illinois, May 9, 1982.

67. NSDD-32 was a summary of a report released in April 1982. The NSDD and the report are both on file at the Reagan Library. The NSDD was declassified in February 1996.

68. Carl Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” Time, February 24, 1992, 31.

69. Keith Schneider, “Reagan-Pope Plan to Topple Warsaw is Reported,” New York Times, February 18, 1992; Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 28–35; Michael Ledeen, “This Political Pope,” The American Enterprise, 4, no. 4 (July 1993): 40–43; Schweizer, Victory, xviii, 68–69; and Raymond L. Garthoff, The Great Transition: American- Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994), 31–32.

70. Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 31.

71. Joseph E. Persico, Casey: From the OSS to the CIA (New York: Viking, 1990), 236; Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 28–35; and Schweizer, Victory, xviii, 68–69.

72. This aim of NSDD-32, which related to Poland and the Communist bloc generally, was evident in the larger April 1982 study from which NSDD-32 was derived. The study staked out this U.S. objective: “to increase the costs of Soviet repression of popular movements and institutions in Poland and other East European countries; and to maximize prospects for their independent evolution.” This, too, was striking language. Report, “U.S. National Security Strategy,” April 1982, 6.

73. Yuri Zhukov, “A Doctrine of Interference,” Pravda, June 25, 1982, 4, published as “Reagan Policy Called ‘Doctrine of Interference,’” in FBIS-6-JUL-82, July 6, 1982, A1–3.

74. Ye. Rusakov, “War Games and ‘Peace’ Games: The Path Chosen by the Reagan Administration,” Pravda, June 1, 1984, 4, published as “Rusakov: Reagan Playing Games With War, Peace,” in FBIS-5-JUN-84, June 5, 1984, A3.

75. Richard Halloran, “Reagan Aide Tells of New Strategy on Soviet Threat,” New York Times, May 22, 1982, A1.

76. Reed delivered his speech on June 16, 1982. Reed, At the Abyss, 237.

77. Richard Halloran, “Pentagon Draws Up First Strategy for Fighting a Long Nuclear War,” New York Times, May 30, 1982, A1.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid.