80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
CHAPTER 9
1. These three articles were: “Solidarity Activist Appeals to Troops To Defy Authority;” “Stunned Militant: ‘It’s Our Own Army. We Are Confused;’” and “Allen’s Job Expected to Go to Clark,” Washington Post, January 1, 1982, A1.
2. Reagan, “Remarks to the People of Foreign Nations on New Year’s Day,” January 1, 1982.
3. Ibid.
4. Clark in Schweizer, ed., Fall of the Berlin Wall, 69.
5. See: Edmund Morris interviewed by American Enterprise, November/December 1999; Maureen Dowd, “The Man with the President’s Ear,” Time, August 8, 1983; and Steven R. Weisman, “The Influence of William Clark,” New York Times Magazine, August 14, 1983.
CHAPTER 10
1. On this, see Kengor, God and Ronald Reagan.
2. Reagan expressed his shock and prayers to the pope in a May 13, 1981 cable on the
assassination attempt, in ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41,
Folder “Cables 1 of 2.”
3. Interview with Bill Clark, August 24, 2001.
4. Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 31
5. Ibid., 28, 30.
6. See “The Pope and the President: A key adviser reflects on the Reagan Administration,”
interview with Bill Clark, Catholic World Reporter, November 1999; and Bernstein, “Holy Alliance,” 30.
7. Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 29, 35.
8. Ibid.
9. Quoted in Schweizer, Reagan’s War, 213.
10. Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 28–35.
11. Reagan, “Remarks Following a Meeting With Pope John Paul II in Vatican City,” June 7, 1982.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Bernstein, “The Holy Alliance,” 28–35.
15. Ibid.
16. Bernstein and Politi, His Holiness, 260.
17. Ibid., 12.
18. This probably began as early as the spring of 1981, well before the June 1982 meeting.
19. Bernstein and Politi, His Holiness, 268–9.
20. Ibid.
21. Weigel, Witness to Hope, 622.
22. The cable is dated only “FEB 84.” The exact date is unclear, though it is before Reagan’s February 22 response letter to the pope. The cable is located in ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41, Folder 8490136-8490538. The cable was declassified on July 18, 2000.
23. ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41, Folder 8490136-8490538.
24. Ibid.
25. This February 22, 1984 letter is located in ES, NSC, HSF: Records, Vatican: Pope John Paul II, RRL, Box 41, Folder 8490136-8490538. The letter was declassified on July 18, 2000.
26. Though Reagan did not lift all of the sanctions, he modified them.
27. Ibid.
28. Calculating the exact number is difficult. Nancy Reagan says that she met with the pope seven times. In all likelihood, her husband equaled or exceeded that number. Nancy Reagan interview with CNN’s Wolf Blitzer, “Nancy Reagan: Pope ‘was very special,’” CNN, April 3, 2005.
29. Ibid., Nancy said that the pope told her this in a letter that he sent upon Reagan’s death in June 2004.
30. The individual said this to me personally. Obviously, he preferred to remain anonymous. I include the quote as a reflection of the harsh feelings. This person was one of Reagan’s very top aides.
31. This person also preferred anonymity. I include the words for the same reason cited in the previous note.
32. Agostino Bono, “Officials say pope, Reagan shared Cold War data, but lacked alliance,” Catholic News Service, November 17, 2004.
33. George Weigel, “The President and the Pope,” National Review, June 28, 2004.
34. Interview with Bill Clark, August 24, 2001.
35. Asked about Dolan’s and Reagan’s tough words, Ben Elliott, director of White House speechwriting, speaks to their larger motivation: “There is no doubting that it was implicitly understood by us that, unlike the ’70s under Nixon, Ford, and Carter, there was a new policy and it was: we win, they lose.” Interviews with Ben Elliott, October 13, 2004 and January 11, 2005.
36. The May 19 draft is located at the Reagan Library in PHF, PS, RRL, Box 5, Folder 83.
37. The phrase “ash heap of history” was a clever twist of Trotsky-speak. The phrase has also been attributed to Lenin, though it is more commonly credited to Trotsky.
38. The May 24 draft is located at the Reagan Library in PHF, PS, RRL, Box 5, Folder 85.
39. Cannon, “Reagan Radiated Happiness and Hope,” George magazine, August 2000, 58.
CHAPTER 11
40. Quoted by Steven Rottner, “Britons Reassured by Reagan’s Visit,” New York Times, June 10, 1982, A17.
41. Richard Pipes used these words. Pipes chronicled Soviet reactions to the speech for the NSC. When he reported the reactions to Reagan, the president responded; “So we touched a nerve.” Pipes, Vixi, 200.
42. S. Volovets, “Megaphone Diplomacy,” Sovetskaya Rossiya, June 17, 1987, 5, published as “Reagan Practices ‘Megaphone Diplomacy’ in W. Berlin,” in FBIS, FBIS-SOV-18-Jun-87, June 18, 1987, A1.
43. Statement by the Moscow Domestic Service, February 7, 1984, published as “U.S. ‘Democracy Campaign’ Increasing World Tension,” in FBIS, FBIS-8-FEB-84, February 8, 1984, A5. I’ve included here a small sample of similar reactions by Soviets in regard to the Westminster speech.
44. Vitaliy Korionov, “20th Century ‘Crusaders,’”
45. Report language is quoted by Leonid Zamyatin in his article, “The Washington Crusaders: The ‘Ideological War’ Declared by Reagan Against Communism and Socialism…,”
46. “Reagan Makes ‘Anti-Soviet’ Speech to UK MPs,” Warsaw Domestic Service, June 8, 1982, printed in FBIS, Eastern Europe, June 9, 1982, G1.
