The Devil in History

revolutionary situation, Lenin’s definition of

revolutions (1989-91), Eastern and Central Europe; Berlin Wall falling; citizenship rebirth; and civil society; common sense as core value; dissidents and; leading to diversity; lesson of; morality and; and pluralism; roundtable strategy; Soviet collapse catalyzed by; utopia ended by

Riegel, Klaus-Georg “rights talk,” post-Communism. See also citizenship; freedom; human rights; individual

Robinson, Neil

Rocco, Alfredo

Rohm, Ernst

Rolland, Romain

Roller, Mihail

Roman, Valter

Romania: Antonescu; Communist Party (RCP); Communist party resurrection; Constitutional Court; Danubian confederation; de-Stalinization; general elections (2009); Greater Romania Party; Iano?i; ideological apparatchiks; Iron Guard; legal procedures for Communist crimes; National Liberal Party; National Peasant Christian and Democratic Party; National Salvation Front; parliamentary putsch (April 2007); Party Cadres Department; Patra?canu; Ple?u; post-Communism; problematic exit from state socialism; purges; radical- authoritarian trends; regret for predictability and frozen stability; revisionism; Romania Mare Party; Social Democratic Party; Stalinism; working class passivity. See also Ceau?escu, Nicolae

Roselli, Carlo

Rosenberg, Alfred

Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer

Rothschild, Joseph

roundtable strategy

Rubashov, Nikolai (Koestler’s hero),

Russell, Bertrand; The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism

Russia: The Black Book of Communism and; Communist Party of the Russian Federation; “competitive authoritarianism,”; conspiracy theories; glasnost; human rights movement; Liberal Democratic Party; “managed democracy,”; nationalism; October Revolution (1917); post-Soviet; radical- authoritarian trends; revolution (1905); revolutionary tradition; Russian Revolution (1917); Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; Socialist Revolutionaries; Stalinist-nationalist coalition; “Weimar Russia,”. See also Soviet Union

Russian Communist Party. See also Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU); vanguard party

sacralization: by ideology; infallible party line; memory of the gulag; of politics; revolutionary power; “semiotic,”. See also charismatic politics; messianism; mysticism; salvationism

Sakharov, Andrei; Reflections on Progress, Coexistence, and Intellectual Freedom

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira

salvationism: fantasies; nationalist. See also eschatology; messianism; redemptive mythologies; utopia

Salvemini, Gaetano

samizdat

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Scammell, Michael

Schapiro, Leonard

Scherbakov, Aleksander

Schmitt, Carl

Schwan, Gesine

science: Communism and; Nazism and

Scinteia

Scott, James C.

Second Socialist Transformation secret police, Soviet

Secret Speech, Khrushchev denouncing Stalin (1956)

Serbia: “competitive authoritarianism,”; Radical Party; socialists

Shafarevich, Igor

Shakhnazarov, Georgiy

shestidesiatniki

Shoah. See Holocaust

Short Course of History of the CPSU

Short Course of Political Economy

show trials: Eastern Europe; Sinyavski-Daniel; Stalin’s

Shtern, Lina

Siberian School

Siegelbaum, Lewis

Silone, Ignazio

Simic, Charles

Sinyavsky, Andrei; Sinyavski-Daniel trial

sixty-eighters

Slansky, Rudolf

Slovakia; Meciar; radical-authoritarian trends

Smirnov, Georgii

Snyder, Jack

Snyder, Timothy: “absence of economics,”; Bloodlands; comparing Communist and Nazi systems; ethnic cleansing; number of Soviet and Nazi victims; Stalinist anti-Semitism

social Darwinism

social democracy: Bolshevism vs.; European; German; international; Leninism and; proletarian; Romanian Social Democratic Party; Russian Social Democrats; Western-style

social engineering: Communist; Fascist; post-Communism and

socialism; “building of socialism,”; charismatic party for; Communist Manifesto and; de-Stalinization and; double-talk and double-think; Fascism’s origins in; Gorbachev and; with a human face; ideological chaos created by collapse; international; Leninism discrediting; Marx’s “heretics,”; nationalist; New Left; post-totalitarian; “reformed Soviet,”; relegitimization of; revisionism and; revolutionary; Russian Socialist Revolutionaries; scientific; Second Socialist Transformation; Socialist Unity Party (SED). See also Communism; Marxism

“sociocide,”

Solidarnosc / Solidarity, Poland; Geremek; Mazowiecki; Walcsa. See also Michnik, Adam

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr; The First Circle; Gulag Archipelago; Nobel Prize for Literature

Sonderwegs

Sorbonne, occupation of

soul, care of the soul

South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Souvarine, Boris

Sovietism

Sovietization; Eastern Europe

Soviet Union; Academy of Science; amnesty decree; anti-Fascism; Cold War; collapse (1991); constitution