Germany to Iran and North Korea (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), pp. 128-30.
24. The only reference to space debris in the air force’s Counterspace Doctrine is: “Environmental monitoring includes the characterization and assessment of space weather (i.e., solar conditions) on satellites and links, terrestrial weather near important ground nodes, and natural and man-made phenomena in outer space (i.e., orbital debris).... Operators must be able to differentiate between natural phenomena interference and an intentional attack on a space system in order to formulate an appropriate response.” U.S. Air Force, Counterspace Doctrine, p. 21.
25. Theresa Hitchens, “Space Debris,” CDI Fact Sheet, August 2005, http://www.space4peace.org/articles/debris_facts.htm.
26. From Ride’s speech at Stanford University, April 10, 2002. Quoted by Joel Primack, “Pelted by Paint, Downed by Debris,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 58, no. 5 (September-October 2002), pp. 24-25. See also Dawn Levy, “Anti-Satellite Weapons Testing Would Have ’Disastrous’ Effects, Ride Says,” Stanford Report, April 17, 2002.
27. Primack, “Pelted by Paint.”
28. Richard Stenger, “Scientist: Space Weapons Pose Debris Threat,” CNN.com, May 3, 2002.
29. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on Space Weapons (Bruce M. DeBlois, Richard L. Garwin, R. Scott Kemp, and Jeremy C. Marwell), “Space Weapons: Crossing the U.S. Rubicon,” International Security29, no. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 52,64,83.
30. Hitchens, “Weapons in Space,” p. 11.
31. “Space-Based Missile Interceptors Could Pose Debris Threat,” DefenceTalk .com, September 14, 2004.
32. James Clay Moltz, “Space Weapons or Space Arms Control,” Center for Nonproliferation Studies, April 15, 2002, http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/020415.htm.
33. Leonard David, “U.S.-China Space Debris Collide in Orbit,” Space.com, April 16, 2005, http://www.space.com/news/050416_debris_crash.html.
34. Ciarrocca and Hartung, Axis of Influence, p. 12.
35. Christopher Hellman, “Funding Request for Ballistic Missile Defense,” Center for Defense Information, February 4, 2002, http://www.cdi.org/issues/budget/FY03bmd-pr.cfm.
36. For General Bell’s testimony, see Norimitsu Onishi, “U.S. Confirms Test of Missiles Was Conducted by North Korea,” New York Times, March 9, 2006.
37. “U.S. Dismisses Call to Destroy N. Korean Missile,” NBC News, June 22, 2006, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13481845/print/1/displaymode/1098/; Terence Hunt, “U.S. Says Missile Defense System Limited,” Associated Press, June 22, 2006, http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/world/3992279.html.
38. See, for example, Hitchens, “Weapons in Space,” p. 10; Jeff Sallot, “Arms Experts Issue Missile Defense Alert,” Globe and Mail (Toronto), December 7, 2004; David Pugliese, “U.S. Won’t Rule Out Waging War in Space, General Says,” Ottawa Citizen, February 21, 2005. In February 2006, Air Force Lieutenant General Henry Obering, head of the Missile Defense Agency, said to the press that he intended to put the entire batch of forty scheduled interceptors into Alaskan silos: “We can take those forty interceptors and turn them into an ability to counter much more complex threat[s].” Martin Sieff, “Congress Gives $150m Boost to Alaska ABM Deployment,” United Press International, February 7, 2006.
39. On China’s reaction to the GMD, see Nicole C. Evans, “Missile Defense: Winning Minds, Not Hearts,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists60, no. 5 (September-October 2004), pp. 48-55.
40. Victoria Samson, “Remember the Anti-Missile Missile? Forget It,” Center for Defense Information, January 4, 2006, http://wvvrvv.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm? documentID=3244&:from_page=../program/document.cfm.
41. Charles Piller, “Little Room for Error in Catching a Missile,” Los Angeles Times, December 25, 2004.
42. David Stout and John H. Cushman Jr., “Defense Missile for U.S. System Fails to Launch; Setback for Interceptor,” New York Times, December 16, 2004; “Two Successive Failures Reflect Vulnerabilities in U.S. Missile Defense Effort,” Agence France-Presse, February 15, 2005; Rachel D’Oro, Associated Press, “Missile Test Failures Sideline Progress at Alaska’s Fort Greely,” Anchorage Daily News, January 6, 2006, http://www.adn.com/news/alaska/ap_alaska/v-printer/story/7338986p- 7251040c.html.
43. Robert Gard, “The Pathetic State of National Missile Defense,” Center for Arms Control and Non- Proliferation, Washington, DC, February 2, 2005.
44. Coyle, “Is Missile Defense on Target?” See also Walter C. Uhler, “Missile Shield or Holy Grail?” Nation, January 28, 2002, pp. 25-29.
45. See, inter alia, Richard J. Newman, “Space Watch, High and Low,” Air Force Magazine, July 2001, http://www.afa.org/magazine/July2001/0701SBIRS.asp; Federation of American Scientists, “Space-Based Infrared System,” October 2003, http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/sbir.htm; Tara Copp, “Giant Globe Radar Another Piece in Missile Defense System,” Scripps Howard News Service, September 10, 2003; Missile Defense Agency, “Fact Sheet: Sea-Based X-Band Radar,” September 2005; “Sea-Based X-Band Radar Begins Transport Operation Through Straits of Magellan,” Spacewar.com, November 14, 2005, http://www.spacewar.com/news/abm-05zp.html. For a photo of the X-band radar at sea on its oil rig, see the Boeing advertisement opposite page 4, National Journal, February 4, 2006.
46. See FitzGerald, Way Out There, pp. 408-11.
47. Evans, “Missile Defense”; Geoffrey Forden, “Laser Defenses: What If They Work?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists58, no. 5 (September-October 2002), pp. 49-53.
48. Miranda Priebe, “Airborne Laser: Overweight and Oh-so-late,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists59, no. 3 (May-June 2003), pp. 18-20.
49. Quoted by Michael Clark and Victoria Samson, “A Look at the Troubled Development of the Airborne Laser,”
