77. Katherine Shrader, “U.S. Has More Satellites in Orbit than Other Countries,” Associated Press, December 9, 2005.
78. Hitchens, “Weapons in Space”; Satellite Industry Association, “SIA Releases Satellite Industry Report,” press release, Long Beach, CA, June 6, 2005.
79. Philip E. Coyle and John B. Rhinelander, “Drawing the Line: The Path to Controlling Weapons in Space,” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 66 (September 2002); Hitchens, “Weapons in Space.”
80. “The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications,” http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/.
81. Thomas Graham Jr., “Space Weapons and the Risk of Accidental Nuclear War,” Arms Control Today, December 2005, http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_12/Dec-spaceweapons.asp.
82. “Yugoslavia—Afghanistan—Iraq: The Satellite Wars,” Space Today Online,http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/YugoWarSats.html.
83. Jack Kelly, “U.S. the Leader in War.”
84. “Satellite’s Death Puts Millions Out of Touch,” USA Today, May 21, 1998; Caron Carlson, “What Went Wrong? High Costs Don’t Support Benefits,” Wireless Week, May 25, 1998, http://www.wirelessweek.com/article/CA4355.html?spacedesc=; Boeing Integrated Defense Systems, “Galaxy IV Specifications,” http://www.boeing.com/defense- space/space/bss/factsheets/601/galaxy_iv/galaxy_iv.html; Lambeth, Mastering the High Ground, p. 104. Environmental and weather satellites are threatened by a shortage of money as military demands crowd out civilian and scientific projects. See Matt Crenson, Associated Press, “Budgets Imperil Environmental Satellites,” ABC News, March 10, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/US/print? id-1693735.
85. From Air Force Magazine, January 2005, quoted by Theresa Hitchens, “Worst- Case Mentality Clouds USAF Space Strategy,” Center for Defense Information, February 14, 2005, http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=2885.
86. Lambeth, Mastering the High Ground, p. 104.
87. Hitchens, “Worst-Case Mentality.” Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Study Group on Space Weapons write, “The quality of available information about what is going on in space—so-called space situational awareness—is currently one of the United States’ most urgent space security shortcomings.” International Security (Fall 2004), p. 56.
88. Gronlund, “Fire, Aim, Ready,” pp. 67-68.
89. Patrick Radden Keefe, “A Shortsighted Eye in the Sky,” New York Times, February 5, 2005; Jeffrey Richelson, “The Spy Satellite So Stealthy that the Senate Couldn’t Kill It,” National Security Archive, Washington, DC, December 14, 2004; Walter Pincus, “Spy Satellites Are Under Scrutiny,” Washington Post, August 16, 2005. The leading authority on codes, special access projects, and the black budget, William Arkin, notes that “Misty” is a very black code word indeed. All he can say about it is “Possible code word for possible stealth reconnaissance satellite.” See Code Names, p. 426.
90. Justin Ray, “Minotaur Rocket Launches U.S. Military Spacecraft,” Spaceflight Now, April 11, 2005, http://www.spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/xssl1/. Giuseppe Anzera comments, “XSS-11 is in fact specifically designed to disturb other states’ military reconnaissance or communications satellites.” See “The Pentagons Bid to Militarize Space,” Power and Interest News Report (PINR), August 17, 2005, http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_printable&report_id=347&language_id= 1.
91. Jeffrey Lewis, International Network of Engineers and Scientists Against Proliferation, “Space Weapons in U.S. Defense Planning,” Bulletin 23 (n.d., c. 2004), http://www.inesap.org/bulletin23/art03.htm.
92. Hitchens, “Worst-Case Mentality.”
93. According to Leonard David, some poor nations are talking about “debris-creating weapons.” See “The Clutter Above,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 61, no. 4 (July-August 2005), pp. 32-37. On the effects of a nuclear explosion in space, see Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, High Altitude Nuclear Detonations Against Low Earth Orbit Satellites (Washington, DC: April 2001); Nick Schwellenbach, “EMPty Threat?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists61, no. 55 (September/October 2005), pp. 50-57. Schwellenbach is writing about the electromagnetic pulse that is released by all nuclear explosions.
7: THE CRISIS OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC
1. Edith Hamilton, Mythology (1940; repr., New York: Mentor Books, 1953), p. 88.
2. George F. Will, Washington Post, “Having the President Observe the Law,” San Diego Union-Tribune, February 16, 2006; James Ridgeway, “The Bush Family Coup,” Village Voice, December 30, 2005. See also Federation of American Scientists, Project on Governmental Secrecy, “Confronting the White House’s ’Monarchical Doctrine,’” Secrecy News, February 16, 2006.
3. James Madison, “Virginia Resolutions,” December 21, 1798, http://press- pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_speechsl9.html.
4. James Madison, from a letter to W. T. Barry, August 4, 1822, http://www.matisse.net/files/madison.html.
5. “Bill Moyers on the Freedom of Information Act,” Now, Public Broadcasting Service, April 5, 2002, http://www.pbs.org/now/printable/transcript_moyers4_print.html.
6. See Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking, 2002); and Johnson, Review of Ellsberg, Secrets, in London Review of Books, February 6, 2003, pp. 7-9, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v25/n03/print/john04_.html.
7. James Bovard, “Uncle Sam’s Iron Curtain of Secrecy,” Future of Freedom Foundation, August 1, 2005, http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0504c.asp.
8. Jeremy Brecher and Brendan Smith, “War Crimes Made Easy: How the Bush Administration Legalized Intelligence Deceptions, Assassinations, and Aggressive War,” TomDispatch.com,, December 6, 2005, p. 3,
