33. Carla Marinucci, “Chevron Redubs Ship Named for Bush Aide; Condoleezza Rice Drew Too Much Attention” San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 2001.
34. Andrew Jack and David Stern, “Pipeline Plan for Borjomi Valley Is Approved,” Financial Times, December 3, 2002. Also see Jay Hancock, “Is Bush Pro-Azeri or Just Pro-Oil?” Baltimore Sun, April 2, 2001; Armen Georgian (Agence France-Presse), “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil in ‘War on Terror,’” ZNet, May 1, 2002; Georgian, “Guzzling the Caspian,” Christian Science Monitor, September 27, 2002.
35. See Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”
36. Georgian, “U.S. Eyes Caspian Oil.” Also see Misha Dzhindzhikhashvili (Associated Press), “Plan for U.S. Troops in Georgia Irks Russia,” San Diego Union-Tribune, February 28, 2002; and Patrick Martin, “U.S. Troops Deployed to Former Soviet Republic of Georgia,” World Socialist Web Site, March 1, 2002.
37. Patrick Martin, “U.S. Planned War in Afghanistan Long before September 11,” World Socialist Web Site, November 20, 2001. Also see James Risen, “New Breed of Roughnecks Battles over Caspian Oil Fields,” Los Angeles Times, May 24, 1998; and Pierre Abramovici, “Background to Washington’s War on Terror,” Le Monde Diplomatique, January 2002.
38. Steven Levine, “UNOCAL Quits Afghanistan Pipeline Project,” New York Times, December 5, 1998; Rashid, Taliban, p. 160; Jennifer Van Bergen, “Zalmay Khalilzad and the Bush Agenda,” Truthout, January 13, 2001, <http://www.truthout.org/docs_01/01.14A.Zalmay.Oil.htm>; “Vital Statistics: Greasing the Machine—Bush, His Cabinet, and Their Oil Connections,” Drillbits & Tailings 6:5 (June 30, 2001); Daniel Fisher, “Afghanistan: Oil Execs Revive Pipeline from Hell,” Forbes, February 4, 2002; Larry Chin, “Players on a Rigged Grand Chessboard: Bridas, UNOCAL, and the Afghanistan Pipeline,” Online Journal, March 6, 2002; Halima Kazem, “Afghanistan Eyes a Pipeline, but Prospects Look Dim,” Eurasianet, June 6, 2002; and “Joe Conason’s Journal,” Salon.com, December 3, 2002, <http://www.salon.com/poitics/conason/2002/12/03/bush/print.html>.
39. Jacob Weisberg, “Bush’s Favorite Afghan,” Slate, October 5, 2001, <http://www.slate.msn.com/?id=1008402>; and Wayne Madsen, “Afghanistan, the Taliban, and the Bush Oil Team,” January 10, 2002, <http://www.democrats.com/view2xfm?id=5496>.
40. Rashid, Taliban, p. 163.
41. Levine, “UNOCAL Quits.” Also see Mary Pat Flaherty, David B. Ottaway, and James V. Grimaldi, “How Afghanistan Went Unlisted as Terrorist Sponsor,” Washington Post, November 5,2001.
42. “Pipelineistan: The Rules of the Game,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections 7:4 (February 21, 2002).
43. Allen, “CIA’s Cash.”
44. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint.”
45. Martin Walker, “Bases, Bases Everywhere,” United Press International, December 23,2001; Kamran Khan, “Pakistan Wants Its Airbases Back,” News, Pakistan, January 11,2002; and Anwar Iqbal, “U.S. Flew 57,800 Sorties from Pakistan,” United Press International, May 19, 2003.
46. Duskin, “Permanent Installation.”
47. Eric Schmitt and James Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up Its Military Bases in Afghan Region,” New York Times, January 9, 2002.
48. Edmund L. Andrews, “A Bustling U.S. Air Base Materializes in the Mud,” New York Times, April 27, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Manas International Airport, Ganci Air Base, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/manas.htm>; Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets”; Patrick Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way for Long-Term Intervention in Central Asia,” World Socialist Web Site, January 11, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; and Steven Lee Myers, “Russia to Deploy Air Squadron in Kyrgyzstan, Where U.S. Has Base,” New York Times, December 4, 2002.
49. Ahmed Rashid, “New Wars to Fight,” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 12, 2002. Also see Global Security Organization, “Khanabad, Uzbekistan,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/khanabad.htm>; “U.S. Indicates New Military Partnership with Uzbekistan,” Wall Street Journal, October 15, 2001; Schmitt and Dao, “U.S. Is Building Up”; Martin, “U.S. Bases Pave the Way”; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Andrews, “Bustling U.S. Air Base”; Baglia Bukharbaeva (Associated Press), “U.S. Still Digging In at Secret Forward Base,” San Diego Union-Tribune, May 29, 2002; and Sean Gonsalves, “War on Terrorism Has Oily Undercurrent,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 3, 2002.
50. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dreams”; “USA Pledges Not to Abandon Central Asia after Afghan War,” BBC, from Interfax-Kazakhstan News Agency, December 19, 2001; and George Monbiot, “America’s Imperial War,” Guardian, February 12, 2002.
7: THE SPOILS OF WAR
1. The number of domestic bases is taken from William R. Evinger, ed., Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, 3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998).
2. “The Monroe Doctrine Declared, 1823,” <http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/USA/MonDoc.html>; and “Monroe Doctrine,” <http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/side/mondoc.html>.
3. Harry Magdoff, introduction to Remaking Asia: Essays on the American Uses of Power, ed. Mark Selden (New York: Pantheon, 1974), p. 4.
4. Ronald Steel, Pax Americana (New York: Viking, 1968), p. 10.
5. Garrett Moritz, “Explaining 1898: Conquest of Empire in the Gilded Age,” <http://www.gtexts.com/college/papers/s4.html>; and Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation”: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 3. A thought-provoking book that throws doubt on Turner’s frontier thesis is Andro Linklater, Measuring America: How An Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of
