Picketing Patisseries,” New Statesman, April 9, 2001; and Diana Johnstone and Ben Cramer, “The Burdens and the Glory: U.S. Bases in Europe,” in Gerson and Birchard, The Sun Never Sets, p. 210.
13. Gerson and Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets, p. 16. In January 2003, the British defense secretary made the decision, without a vote of Parliament, to allow the United States to upgrade and use its secret base at Fylingdales in northern Yorkshire as part of its proposed missile defense network (Associated Press, New York Times, January 16, 2003).
14. Evinger, Directory of US. Military Bases Worldwide, p. 291.
15. Richard Norton-Taylor, “Embarrassed U.S. Blocks Case against Peace Fighter,” Guardian, June 29, 2002.
16. Poole, Echelon, p. 13; Interview with James Bamford, author of Body of Secrets, in WorldNetDaily, June 24, 2001, <http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=23342>; and CBS News, 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network,” New York, February 27, 2000 (transcript posted March 1, 2000).
17. See Yorkshire Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, “Menwith Hill, Commercial Espionage,” <http://cndyorks.gn.apc.org/mhs/index.htm>. Also see Jeffrey Richelson, “Desperately Seeking Signals,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 56:2 (March-April 2000), pp. 47–51; American Civil Liberties Union’s special Web site <www.echelonwatch.org>; Stuart Miller, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Ian Black, “Worldwide Spying Network Is Revealed,” Guardian, May 26, 2001; Rupert Goodwins, “Echelon: How It Works,” ZDNet UK, <http://news.zdnet.co.uk/story/0,,t269-s2079849,00.html>; and ZDNet’s “Echelon Bibliography,” <http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/06/echelon/>.
18. For the simplest explanation of one-time pads, see Francis Litterio, “Why Are One-Time Pads Perfectly Secure?” <http://world.std.eom/franl/crypto/one-time-pad.html>.
19. 60 Minutes, “Ex-Snoop Confirms Echelon Network.”
20. Derrick Z. Jackson, “A Nation Changed—and Unchanged,” Boston Globe, September 11, 2002; Dara Colwell, “The SUV-Terrorism Connection,” AlterNet.org, October 15, 2001; Terry Golway, “Time to Junk Gas-Guzzling SUV’s,” New York Observer, November 12, 2001, p. 5; Ian Roberts, “Car Wars,” Guardian, January 18, 2003; Jeff Plungis, “SUV Tax Break May Reach $75,000,” Detroit News, January 20, 2003; and Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUV’s—The World’s Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (New York: Public Affairs, 2002).
21. Federation of American Scientists, “Smedley Butler on Interventionism,” <http://www.fas.org/man/smedley.htm>; and Hans Schmidt, Maverick Marine: Gen. Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), p. 2 et passim.
22. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Caspian Sea Region: Reserves and Pipelines Tables, June 2002. Also see Dale Allen Pfeiffer, “The Forging of ‘Pipelineistan’: Oil, Gas Pipelines High Priority for U.S. in Central Asian Military Campaigns,” From theWilderness.com, July 11, 2002.
23. Michael T. Klare, “Oil Moves the War Machine,” Progressive, June 2002; and Klare, “Oiling the Wheels of War,” Nation, October 7, 2002, pp. 6–7. For other estimates of Caspian Sea oil and gas reserves, see Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 144–45; Stephen Kinzer, “A Perilous New Contest for the Next Oil Prize,” New York Times, September 21,1997; and “Russia Appears to Be Leading in Caspian Sea Resources Export Race,” Alexander’s Gas & Oil Connections 6:18 (September 25, 2001).
24. “How Oil Interests Play Out in U.S. Bombing of Afghanistan,” Drillbits & Tailings 6:8 (October 31, 2001); Pratap Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream: Is the U.S. War on Terrorism Really a War for a Caspian Natural Gas Pipeline? Maybe Yes, and Maybe No,” Corp Watch June 28, 2002.
25. The Editors, “U.S. Military Bases and Empire,” Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002), quoting the U.S. State Department from the New York Times, December 15, 2001.
26. Phar Kim Beng, “Oil Needs Drive China West,” Asia Times, November 20, 2002; Sabrina Tavernise, “Putin Will Focus on Energy in Visit to China This Week,” New York Times, December 2, 2002. Also see Kang Wu and Fereidun Fesharaki, “Managing Asia Pacific’s Energy Dependence on the Middle East: Is There a Role for Central Asia?” Analysis from the East-West Center, no. 60 (June 2002).
27. J. Eric Duskin, “Permanent Installation: Thousands of U.S. Troops Are Headed to Central Asia, and They’re Not Leaving Anytime Soon,” In These Times, March 29, 2002; Robert G. Kaiser, “U.S. Plants Footprint in Shaky Central Asia,” Washington Post, August 27, 2002.
28. Chatterjee, “Afghan Pipe Dream.” Also see Jeff Gerth, “Bribery Inquiry Involves Kazakh Chief, and He’s Unhappy,” New York Times, December 11, 2002; and Joshua Chaffin, “The Kazakh Connection: How Money Buys Access to the Politicians and Power-brokers in Washington,” Financial Times, June 26, 2003.
29. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), p. 340; and Mike Allen, “CIA’s Cash Toppled Taliban,” Washington Post, November 16, 2002.
30. Colonel Stanislav Lunev, “Welcoming Our New Ally, Uzbek President Karimov,” NewsMax.com, March 11, 2002; Robert Burns, “Rumsfeld Meets C. Asian Leaders,” Washington Post, April 28, 2002; Ahmed Rashid, “Central Asia Trouble Ahead,” Far Eastern Economic Review, May 9, 2002; Duskin, “Permanent Installation”; Kari Huus, “Critical Ally Calling, with Baggage,”MSNBC.com, September 24, 2002; Yonatan Pomrenze, “Uzbekistan Basks in U.S. Spotlight,” MSNBC.com, September 24,2002.
31. See Kinzer, “Perilous New Contest.”
32. Sabrina Tavernise, “Kazakhstan Reaches Oil Accord with Foreign Group,” New York Times, January 28, 2003.
