17. Robert Bryce, “The Candidate from Brown & Root,” Austin Chronicle, August 28, 2000.
18. Lee Drutman and Charlie Gray, “Cheney, Halliburton and the Spoils of War,” Citizen Works, April 4, 2003, <http://www.corpwatch.org/issues/PID.jsp?articleid=6288>.
19. See, inter alia, Robert Caro, LBJ: Master of the Senate (New York: Knopf, 2002); Knut Royce and Nathaniel Heller, “Cheney Led Halliburton to Feast at Federal Trough,” Investigative Report, Center for Public Integrity, <http://www.public-i.org/story_01_080200_txt.htm>; Martin A. Lee, “Reality Bites,” San Francisco Bay Guardian, November 13, 2000; Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta Jr., “In Tough Times, a Company Finds Profits in Terror War,” New York Times, July 13, 2002; Frank Rich, “The Road to Perdition,” New York Times, July 20, 2002; and Molly Ivins, “Dirtied by Iraqi Oil,” Creators Syndicate, September 5,2002.
20. Paul Stuart, “Camp Bondsteel and America’s Plans to Control Caspian Oil,” World Socialist Web Site, April 29, 2002.
21. James K. Galbraith, “The Unbearable Costs of Empire,” American Prospect 13:21 (November 18, 2002).
22. Tech. Sgt. Theresa McCullough, “U.S. Tankers Deploy to Bulgaria,” Air Force Link, November 21, 2001; Ian Traynor, “Payback Time for America’s Allies as GIs Set Up Camp in the New Europe,” Guardian, March 4, 2003; Doug Sanders, “Ex-Enemy Helping U.S. Fight in Iraq,” Globe and Mail, March 20, 2003; Global Security Organization, “Burgas Airport,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/burgas-ap.htm>.
23. Global Security Organization, “Camp Doha,” <http://www.global-security.org/military/facility/camp- doha.htm>.
24. “Top 200 Contractors 2000,” Government Executive Magazine, August 1, 2000.
25. Global Security Organization, “Camp Doha.”
26. Patrick E. Tyler, “Two U.S. Computer Workers Are Shot, One Fatally, Near Army Base in Kuwait,” New York Times, January 22, 2003; Craig D. Rose and Penni Crabtree, “Tapestry Solutions Is a Software Supplier,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 22, 2003; Kenneth Bredemeier, “Thousands of Private Contractors Support U.S. Forces in Persian Gulf,” Washington Post, March 3, 2003.
6: THE EMPIRE OF BASES
1. Center for Defense Information, “The Global Network of United States Military Bases,” Defense Monitor 18:2 (1989).
2. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Committee on Foreign Relations, December 21,1970; quoted in Monthly Review 53:10 (March 2002).
3. Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002); and U.S. Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information, Operations, and Reports, Worldwide Manpower Distribution by Geographical Area, September 30, 2001, <http://webl.whs.osd.mil/DIORCAT.HTM#M05>. The best unofficial sources on the American empire of bases are William R. Evinger, ed., Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide, 3rd ed. (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1998); and the database of the Global Security Organization, <www.global-security.org>.
4. Charles Glass, “Diary,” London Review of Books, February 21, 2002, p. 37.
5. William M. Arkin, “The Underground Military; Israel: Capital of Classified Bases,” Washington Post, May 7, 2001. Also see Agence France-Presse, “U.S. May Use Israeli Army Bases against Iraq,” September 9, 2002.
6. Michael Moran, “G. I. Joe as Big Brother,” MSNBC, April 6, 2001, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/546845.asp?Osp=n5b4b4>.
7. Statement for the Record of Lt. Gen. Michael V. Hayden, USAF, Director, National Security Agency, and Chief, Central Security Service, before the Joint Inquiry of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, October 17, 2002. On Intelsat, see Renae Merle, “U.S. Probes Military Use of Commercial Satellites,” Washington Post, December 6, 2002.
8. The main sources are Patrick S. Poole, Echelon: America’s Secret Global Surveillance Network, <http://fly.hiwaay.net/~pspoole/echelon.html>;Duncan Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology and Risk of Abuse of Economic Information, Working Document for the Scientific and Technical Options Assessment (STOA) Program of the European Parliament (Luxemburg: European Parliament, October 1999); Niall McKay, “Lawmakers Raise Questions about International Spy Network,” New York Times, May 27,1999; Associated Press, “U.S.-Led Spy Net in Japan,” Washington Post, June 27, 2001; Duncan Campbell, Richard Norton- Taylor, David Pallister, and Jamie Wilson, “The Lessons for the U.S.: Money Can’t Buy Safety from Terrorism,” Guardian, September 15, 2001; Tatsushi Doi, “In-depth Study of Echelon,” Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), May 16, 2001; Doi, “Intelligence Activities in Taiwan,” Sankei Shimbun, May 30, 2001; Hiroaki Horiuchi, “Echelon Has Been Intercepting Japanese Diplomatic Telegrams since 1981,” Mainichi Shimbun (Tokyo), June 27, 2001; and “Echelon,” Tokyo Shimbun, August 26, 2001. (The last four articles are in Japanese.)
9. Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press, 1991), p. 16; Public Radio News Services, Melbourne, Australia, Transcript, “The CIA in Australia, Part 3,” October-November 1986, <http://serendipity.magnet.ch/cia/cia_oz/cia_oz3.htm>; and Andrew Clark, “Kerr Briefed on CIA Threat to Whitlam,” Sunday Age, October 15, 2000, <http://www.ozpeace.net/pinegap/kerrsbriefing.htm>.
10. “Spy Agency Taps into Undersea Cable,” Wall Street Journal Online, May 22, 2001. The USS Jimmy Carter is scheduled to go into service tapping underseas optical fiber cables in 2004.
11. Campbell, Development of Surveillance Technology, pp. 48–50; Evinger, Directory of U.S. Military Bases Worldwide; and Vernon Loeb, “Espionage Demands Prod Navy on Sub Construction,” Washington Post, July 5, 2002.
12. Mark Thomas, “If the French Had Asked for Military Bases in Britain, We’d Be Torching Citroens and
