33. Michael Satchell, “Toxic Legacy: What the Military Left Behind,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; and Benjamin Pimentel, “Deadly Legacy: Leftover Bombs, Chemicals Wreak Havoc at Former U.S. Bases in Philippines,” San Francisco Chronicle, July 5, 2001.
34. Dan Murphy, “Long-Term U.S. Strategy Emerges out of Philippines,” Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 2002; Michael Satchell, “Back to the Philippines: Eight Years after Base Closings, the U.S. Is Rebuilding a Military Relationship,” U.S. News & World Report, January 24, 2000, pp. 30–31; Doug Bandow, “Instability in the Philippines: A Case Study for U.S. Disengagement,” CATO Institute Foreign Policy Briefing, no. 64, March 21, 2001; Oliver Teves, “Philippine Base Ready for U.S.-Led Training,” Associated Press, San Diego Union-Tribune, January 20, 2002; Luis H. Francia, “U.S. Troops in the Philippines,” Village Voice, February 20–26, 2002; Jane Perlez, “U.S. Troops Likely to Remain in Philippines Longer Than Planned,” New York Times Service, San Diego Union-Tribune, March 31, 2002; and Tyler Marshall and John Hendren, “U.S. to Leave Philippines Despite Hostage Situation,” Los Angeles Times, May 27, 2002.
35. Kari Huus, “In Philippines, G.I. Joe Is Back,” MSNBC, August 2, 2002, <http://www.msnbc.com/news/787670.asp>; BBC News, “U.S. Unwelcome in Southern Philippines,” March 17, 2003; Karen DeYoung, “Powell Says U.S. to Resume Training Indonesia’s Forces,” Washington Post, August 3, 2002.
36. Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Send Nearly 2,000 Troops to Fight Militants in Philippines,” New York Times, February 20, 2003; and Jim Gomez (Associated Press), “Philippines Says U.S. Troops Not Welcome in Combat Patrols,” San Diego Union-Tribune, April 22, 2003.
37. William Greider, Fortress America: The American Military and the Consequences of Peace (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), p. 101.
38. Haroon Siddiqui, “Real American Agenda Now Becoming Clear,” Toronto Star, May 4, 2003. Also see Peter Grier, “A Reluctant Empire Stretches More,” Christian Science Monitor, January 17, 2002; Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, “Pentagon Expects Long-Term Access to Four Key Bases in Iraq,” New York Times, April 20, 2003; Michael R. Gordon and Eric Schmitt, “U.S. Will Move Air Operations to Qatar Base,” New York Times, April 28, 2003; Eric Schmitt, “U.S. to Withdraw All Combat Units from Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, April 30, 2003; Esther Schrader, “U.S. Expedites Reshuffling of Europe Troops,” Los Angeles Times, May 1, 2003; Seth Stern, “New Map for U.S. Outposts,” Christian Science Monitor, May 1, 2003.
8: IRAQ WARS
1. See Anthony Cave Brown, Oil, God, and Gold: The Story of Aramco and the Saudi Kings (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).
2. On the origins of American oil diplomacy in the Middle East, see Douglas Little, “Opening the Door: Business, Diplomacy, and America’s Stake in Middle East Oil,” in American Orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), pp. 43–75.
3. See Robert Fisk, “New Crisis, Old Lessons: The Suez Crisis Has Haunted British Government for Almost 50 Years,” Independent, January 15, 2003.
4. Global Security Organization, “King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia,” <http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/dhahran.htm>; and Patrick E. Tyler, “Saudis Plan to End U.S. Presence,” New York Times, February 9, 2003.
5. The indispensable source is Ervand Abrahamian, “The 1953 Coup in Iran,” Science & Society 65:2 (Summer 2001), pp. 182–215. Also see Phillip Knightley, “Iraq Chose Saddam for Good Reason: The West Needs a History Lesson,” Independent, August 4, 2002; and the important book by Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2003).
6. C. T. Sandars, America’s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 287, 293, 299; Robert Burns, “U.S. Building Up Forces at Obscure but Important Air Base in Qatari Desert,” Associated Press, June 30, 2002.
7. Denis F. Doyon, “Middle East Bases,” in Joseph Gerson and Bruce Birchard, eds., The Sun Never Sets: Confronting the Network of Foreign U.S. Military Bases (Boston: South End Press for the American Friends Service Committee, 1991), pp. 15, 275–307; Sandars, America’s Overseas Garrisons, pp. 55–59; and BBC News, “Diego Garcia Islanders Battle to Return,” October 31, 2002. For a few details on Diego Garcia in 2002, see Office of the Deputy Undersecretary of Defense (Installations and Environment), Base Structure Report (A Summary of DoD’s Real Property Inventory) (Washington: Department of Defense, 2002), s.v. “British Indian Ocean Territory.”
8. David Morgan, “Ex-U.S. Official Says CIA Aided Ba’athists,” Reuters, April 20, 2003, posted on CommonDreams.org, May 19, 2003; CBS News, “Profile: Saddam Hussein,” April 8, 2003; Richard Sale, “Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot,” United Press International, April 10, 2003; “Bush Topples an Old U.S. Ally,” SocialistWorkerOnline, April 18, 2003.
9. Michael Dobbs, “U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup; Trade in Chemical Arms Allowed Despite Their Use on Iranians, Kurds,” Washington Post, December 30, 2002; and “Arming Iraq: A Chronology of U.S. Involvement,” March 17, 2003, <http://www.rehberg.net/arming-iraq.html>.
10. Tony Paterson, “Leaked Report Says German and U.S. Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam,” Independent, December 18, 2002; Die Tageszeitung (Berlin), December 20, 2002; and James Cusick and Felicity Arbuthnot, “America Tore Out 8,000 Pages of Iraq Dossier,” Sunday Herald (Scotland), December 22, 2002. Also see Russ W. Baker, “Iraqgate,” Columbia Journalism Review, March/April 1993; Christian Dewar, “Arming Iraq: How George H. W. Bush and Ronald Reagan Helped Iraq Develop Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Democratic Underground, December 13, 2002; Stephen Green, “Rumsfeld’s Account Book: Who Armed Saddam?” CounterPunch, February 24, 2003; Paul Rockwell, “Who Armed Iraq?” San Francisco Chronicle, March 2, 2003; and “Yes, U.S. Helped Iraq Get Chemical, Biological Weapons,” Belleville News-Democrat (Southern Illinois and St. Louis metropolitan area), April 20, 2003, <http://www.belleville.com/mld/newsdemocrat/5674107.htm>.
11. Jeremy Scahill, “What about Those Chemical Weapons? The Saddam in Rummy’s Closet,” CounterPunch, August 2, 2002. For other discussions of the United States’ supply of poison gas and germ warfare feeder stocks to Iraq during its 1980s war with Iran, see Eric Margolis, “Old Dreams of Empire Dance in Blair’s Head,” Toronto Sun, March 31, 2002; Patrick E. Tyler, “Iraqi Gas Use Didn’t Stop U.S. Aid in ‘88,” (New York Times News Service), San Diego Union-Tribune, August 18, 2002; Neil Mackay and Felicity Arbuthnot, “How Did Iraq Get Its
