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Шум был нужен для размытия данных геолокации, доступных гражданским лицам и иностранным государствам. Американские военные всегда получали данные с точностью до нескольких метров, просто отфильтровывая шум, создававшийся неким алгоритмом. См. Lendino, Jamie, “The History of Car GPS Navigation”, PC Magazine, April 16, 2012, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2402755,00.asp.
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Leveson, Ira, “The Economic Value of GPS: Preliminary Assessment”, presentation to the National Space – Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Advisory Board Meeting, June 11, 2015, http://www.space.commerce.gov/presentation-on-gps-economic-study.
249
“Humphreys Research Group Develops New Centimeter-Accurate GPS System”, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, press release, May 5, 2015, https://www.ae.utexas.edu/news/features/834-humphreys-cm-accuracy.
250
Humphreys, Todd, “How to Fool a GPS”, TEDxAustin presentation, Austin, TX, February 11, 2012, http://www.ted.com/talks/todd_humphreys_how_to_fool_a_gps.
251
Steven [user testimonial], “Tile Makes It Easy to Find Each Other”, Tile App, November 17, 2015, https://www.thetileapp.com/stories/the-family-plan; Mike [user testimonial], “Stolen Office Projector Tracked Down to Pawn Shop”, Tile App, n.d., https://www.thetile app.com/blog/stolen-office-projector-pawn-shop.
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Одну из таких глушилок GPS под названием Wave Bubble в порядке эксперимента сконструировал студент МТИ. См. Fried, Limor, “Wave Bubble: A Design for a Self-Tuning Por-table RF Jammer”, May 17, 2011, http://www.ladyada.net/make/wavebubble.
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Strunsky, Steve, “N.J. Man Fined $32K for Illegal GPS Device That Disrupted Newark Airport System”, New Jersey Star-Ledger, August 8, 2013, http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/08/man_fined_32000_for_blocking_newark_airport_tracking_system.html.
254
Humphreys, “How to Fool a GPS.”
255
Kopytoff, Verne, “Why Stores Are Finally Turning On to WiFi”, Fortune, December 14, 2012, http://fortune.com/2012/12/14/why-stores-are-finally-turning-on-to-wifi.
256
Giles, Jim, “Cameras Know You by Your Walk, New Scientist, September 22, 2012, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528835–600-cameras-know-you-by-your-walk.
257
Davis, Lauren, “Fashion That Will Hide You from Face-Recognition Technology”, io9, January 6, 2014, http://io9.gizmodo.com/how-fashion-can-be-used-to-thwart-facial-recognition-te-1495648863.
258
Kelion, Leo, “Face Scanners Added to Chip-and-Pin Terminals”, BBC News, September 30, 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-34399896.
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Jones, Charisse, “MasterCard Tries Out ‘Selfie Pay’ for Online Purchases”, USA Today, October 20, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2015/10/20 /mastercard-selfie-pay-online-purchases/72982264.
260
Daugman, John, “Probing the Uniqueness and Randomness of IrisCodes: Results from 200 Billion Iris Pair Comparisons”, Proceedings of the IEEE 94, no. 11 (2006), pp. 1927–1935, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4052470&url=http%3A%2F% 2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4052470.
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Venugopalan, S., U. Prasad, K. Harun, K. Neblett, D. Toomey, J. Heyman, and M. Savvides, “Long Range Iris Acquisition System for Stationary and Mobile Subjects”, International Joint Conference on Biometrics, October 11–13, 2011, Washington, DC, http:// ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=6117484&url=http%3A%2F%2Fiee explore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D6117484.
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Sharma, Amol, “India Launches Project to ID 1.2 Billion People”, Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2010, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704652104575493 490951809322.
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Vigilant – ведущая компания в этой области. См. Cushing, Tim, “Private Companies Continue to Amass Millions of License Plate Photos, Hold onto the Data Forever, TechDirt, March 16, 2015, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150308/14332230253/private-companies-continue-to-amass-millions-license-plate-photos-hold-onto-data-forever.shtml. Illinois-based MVTRAC owns the other big privately held database of license plate spottings in the United States.NOTES TO CHAPTER XXX 259
264
Cushing, Tim, “DHS Takes Another Stab at License Plate Database, But This Time with More Privacy Protections and Transparency”, TechDirt, April 7, 2015, https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150403/10114630537/dhs-takes-another-stab-license-plate-database-this-time-with-more-privacy-protections-transparency.shtml.
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По состоянию на 2014 год среди сборщиков данных о регистрационных номерах автомобилей для Vigilant была компания по выкупу купленных в кредит автомобилей Advanced Recovery. См. Orr, Steve, “License Plate Data Is Big Business”, USA Today, November 2, 2014, http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/11/02/license-plate-data-is-big-business/18370791.
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“Documents Show Location Records Being Kept on Tens of Millions of Innocent Americans”, ACLU press release, July 17, 2013, https://www.aclu.org/news/aclu-releases-documents-license-plate-scanners-some-300-police-departments-nationwide.
267
Wu, Huadong, Mel Siegel, and Pradeep Khosla, “Vehicle Sound Signature Recognition by Frequency Vector Principal Component Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 48, no. 5 (October 1999), pp. 1005–1009. Звуковым почерком обладают даже, казалось бы, бесшумные на обычный слух двигатели гибридных автомобилей и электромобилей, а по Закону о совершенствовании безопасности пешеходов от 2010 года производители обязаны добавлять «извещающие звуки» в качестве сигналов для водителей и пешеходов.
268
Sottek, T. C., “The Xbox One Will Always Be Listening to You, in Your Home”, The Verge, May 21, 2013, http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/21/4352596/the-xbox-one-is-always-listening; Kobie, Nicole, “Shh, the TV’s Listening: Voice Is the New Privacy Frontline”, Motherboard, February 9, 2015, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/shh-the-tvs-listening-voice-is-the-new-privacy-frontline.
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“This Is What a Security Camera Should Be”, Google Nest Cam, n.d. (accessed January 6, 2016), https://nest.com/camera/meet-nest-cam.
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Интервью автору, данное на условиях анонимности в октябре 2015 года.
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“Tokyo’s Train Stations Use Theme Songs to Put a Jingle in Your Squashed Journey”, Time Out Tokyo, March 25, 2015, http://blogs.timeout.jp/en/2015/03/25/train-melodies.
272
Perez, Sarah, “Social Travel App JetPac Ditches Facebook, Pivots to Instagram-Based ‘City Guides’ for At-a-Glance Recommendations”, TechCrunch, December 5, 2013, http://techcrunch.com/2013/12/05/social-travel-app-jetpac-ditches-facebook-pivots-to-instagram-based-city-guides-for-at-a-glance-recommendations. Изначально, приложение Jetpac обходило контент публичных профайлов в Facebook, запоминая изображения, названия, титры и описания. Это было совершенно легально, поскольку в Facebook хотели, чтобы поисковики индексировали публичные профайлы и генерировали трафик на сайт при поисках человека по имени.
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Glusac, Elaine, “With New App, Photos Become a Travel Guide”, New York Times, February 4, 2014, http://intransit.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/with-new-app-photos-become-a-travel-guide.
274
Perez, “Social Travel App JetPac Ditches Facebook.”
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Hardy, Quentin, “The Peril of Knowledge Everywhere”, New York Times, May 10, 2014, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/10/the-peril-of-knowledge-everywhere.
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Риск использовать анализирующее изображения приложение для поиска гей-бара в Тегеране был бы крайне высок при минимальной пользе или полном отсутствии таковой. Если религиозные власти захотят арестовать человека за гомосексуализм, они совершенно точно смогут определить его личность. Такие же опасности присутствуют при обмене сообщениями на форумах и в приложениях знакомств.
277
Olsen, Erik, “Scientists Uncover Invisible Motion in Video”, New York Times, February 27, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/27/scientists-uncover-invisible-motion-in-video; Rubinstein, Michael, Eugene Shih, John Guttag, Frédo Durand, and William T. Freeman, “Eulerian Video Magnification for Revealing Subtle Changes in the World”, paper presented at the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, July 2012, http://people.csail.mit.edu/mrub/papers/vidmag.pdf.
278
Santus, Rex, “This Wristband Works with Your Heartbeat to Pay for Things”, Mashable, November 5, 2014, http://mashable.com/2014/11/04/wristband-heartbeat-payments/#S 8Re1Kn648qR; Tempterton, James, “Halifax Uses Heartbeat Sensor to Secure Online Banking”, Wired UK, March 13, 2015, http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015–03/13 /halifax-ecg-login.
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“A Heart to My Key”, The Economist, May 9, 2013, http://www.economist.com/blogs /babbage/2013/05/biometrics; Agrafioti, Foteini, Francis Minhthang Bui, and Dimitrios Hatzinakos, “System and Method for Enabling Continuous or Instantaneous Identity Recognition Based on Physiological Biometric Signals”, US Patent application no. US20140188770 A1, July
