258
“The Ripple Protocol: Executive Summary for Financial Institutions,” Ripple.com, https://ripple.com/files/ripple-FIs.pdf.
259
David Andolfatto, “Bitcoin and Beyond: Th e Possibilities and the Pitfalls of Virtual Currencies,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, March 31, 2014, http://www.stlouisfed.org/dialogue-with-the-fed/bitcoin-and-beyond.cfm.
260
Jed McCaleb, “Selling My XRP,” RPtalk, May 22, 2014, http://xrptalk.org/topic/2629-selling-my-xrp/.
261
Jesse Powell, “Ripple Board Member Resigns,” Reddit, May 24, 2014, http://www.reddit.com/r/Ripple/comments/26ccz3/ripple_boardmemberresigns/.
262
Monica Long, “Settlement of Jed’s XRP,” RippleForum, https://ripple.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=7641.
263
Chris Larsen, interviewed by Michael J. Casey, May 5, 2014. Интервью Майкла Кейси с Крисом Ларсеном 5 мая 2014 года.
264
Michael J. Casey and Paul Vigna, “Mt. Gox, Ripple Founder Unveils Stellar, a New Digital Currency Project,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, July 31, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/07/31/mt-gox-ripple-founder-unveils-stellar-a-new-digital-currency-project/.
265
“Distributed Platform Overview,” MaidSafe, http://maidsafe.net/overview.
266
Интервью Пола Виньи и Майкла Кейси с Дэвидом Ирвином 8 апреля 2014 года.
267
Michael J. Casey and Paul Vigna, “Bit-Beat: MaidSafe’s Manic Off er Highlights Hot Bitcoin 2.0,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, April 24, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/04/24/bitbeat-maidsafes-manic-offer-highlights-hot-bitcoin-2-0/.
268
“SEC Charges Bitcoin Entrepreneur with Off ering Unregistered Securities,” U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, June 3, 2014, http://www.sec.gov/News/PressRelease/Detail/PressRelease/1370541972520#.VA2lhBBdWsA.
269
Выступление Джекоба Фарбера на конференции Inside Bitcoins в Нью-Йорке 7 апреля 2014 года.
270
Michael J. Casey,“Dollar-Backed Digital Currency Aims to Fix Bitcoin’s Volatility Dilemma,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, June 8, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/07/08/dollar-backed-digital-currency-aims-to-fix-bitcoins-volatility-dilemma/.
271
Paul Vigna and Michael J. Casey, “BitBeat: BitReserve Vows Bitcoin-Like Costs, No Bitcoin-Like Risk,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, May 15, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/05/15/bitbeat-bitreserve-vows-bitcoin-like-costs-no-bitcoin-like-risk/.
272
Интервью Майкла Кейси и Пола Виньи с Николасом Кэри 6 июня 2014 года.
273
Выступление Криса Одома на Североамериканской биткоиновой конференции, Майами-Бич, 25 января 2014 года.
274
Подробности событий, происходивших вокруг атаки бага изменчивости транзакций на биткоиновую биржу Mt. Gox, взяты из интервью Майкла Кейси с Гэвином Андресеном 11 и 14 февраля 2014 года.
275
Gavin Andresen, “Contrary to Mt. Gox’s Statement, Bitcoin Is Not at Fault,” Bitcoin Foundation, blog post, http://bitcoinfoundation.org/2014/02/contrary-to-mt-goxs-statement – bitcoin-is-not-at-fault/.
276
Источник: Bitcoin Price Index от компании Coindesk http://www.coindesk.com/price.
277
Данные о динамике курса биткоина взяты из Bitcoin Price Index компании Coindesk (сайт http://www.coindesk.com/price), а информация о рыночной капитализации – с сайта http://www.coinmarketcap.com.
278
Интервью Майкла Кейси с Крисом Диксоном по телефону 25 июня 2014 года.
279
Ori Brafman and Rod Beckstrom, The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations (Portfolio, 2006).
280
Paul Baran, “On Distributed Communication,” The Rand Corporation, August 1964, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_memoranda/2006/RM3420.pdf.
281
Jon Matonis, “Bitcoin Foundation Receives Cease and Desist Order from California,” Forbes, June 23, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/jonmatonis/2013/06/23/bitcoin-foundation-receives-cease-and-desist-order-from-california/.
282
Сенатор Джо Манчин Manchin Demands Federal Regulators Ban Bitcoin – письмо, адресованное министру финансов Джейкобу Лью, председателю ФРС Джанет Йеллен и другим, http://www.manchin.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/2014/2/manchin-demands-federal-regulators-ban-bitcoin.
283
Amir Mizroch, “Irish Central Banker Lays Down the Law at Bitcoin Gathering,” Wall Street Journal, Digits blog, July 3, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/07/03/irish-central-banker-lays-down – the-law-at-bitcoin-gathering/.
284
Jennifer Shasky Calvery, “Statement of Jennifer Shasky Calvery, Director, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, United States Department of the Treasury,” Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Aff airs, November 19, 2013, http://www.fincen.gov/newsroom/testimony/html/20131119.html.
285
Инспектор по надзору за банками штата Техас Джордж Купер доказывал, что виртуальные валюты не соответствуют определению денег, поэтому не подпадают под законодательство штата о регулировании денежных переводов. См. Положение от 3 апреля 2014 года по адресу http://www.dob.texasgov/public/uploads/files/Laws-Regulations/New-Actions/sm1037.pdf/.
286
Dave Byknish and Paul Shelton, “Austin Gets 2nd Bitcoin ATM; It’s at a Gun Store,” kxan.com, March 2, 2014, http://kxan.com/2014/03/02/austin-gets-2nd-bitcoin-atm-its-at-a-gun-store/.
287
Benjamin M. Lawsky, “Notice of Intent to Hold Hearing on Virtual Currencies, Including Potential NYDFS Issuance of a ‘BitLicense,’” November 14, 2013, http://www.dfs.ny.gov/about/press2013/virtual-currency-131114.pdf.
288
Свидетельства очевидцев. Сайт Нью-Йоркского департамента финансовых учреждений http://www.dfs.ny.gov/.
289
Benjamin M. Lawsky, “As Requested, I’m Ben Lawsky, Superintendent of the NY Dept of Financial Services, Here for an AMA on Bitcoin/Virtual Currency,” Reddit.com, February 20, 2014, размещено Беном Лавски на http://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/1ygcil/asrequested_imbenlawskysuperintendentofthe.
290
Steven Russolillo, “Yellen on Bitcoin: Fed Doesn’t Have Authority to Regulate It in Any Way,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, February 27, 2014.
291
Интервью Майкла Кейси с Эндрю Иттлменом 29 мая 2014 года.
292
Paul Vigna, “Bitcoin Prices Down 10 % After Chinese Banks Cut Off Local Exchanges,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, April 10, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/04/10/bitcoin-prices-down-10-after-chinese-banks-cut-off-local-exchanges/.
293
Viktorai Dendrinou, “EU Cautions Banks over Virtual Currencies,” Wall Street Journal, July 4, 2014.
294
Jim Harper, “Will Europe Listen to ‘Europe’?” Bitcoin Foundation blog, July 4, 2014, http://bitcoinfoundation.org/2014/07/will-europe-listen-to-europe/.
295
John D. McKinnon and Ryan Tracy, “IRS Says Bitcoin Is Property, Not Currency,” Wall Street Journal, March 25, 2014.
296
Paul Vigna, “NY Financial Regulator Releases Draft of ‘Bitlicense’ for Bitcoin Businesses,” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, July 17, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/07/17/ny-financial-regulator-releases-draft-of-bitlicense-for-bitcoin-businesses/.
297
Perianne Boring, “Chamber of Digital Commerce BitLicense Comments,” August 18, 2014, http://www.digitalchamber.org/assets/chamber – bitlicense-comments-final.pdf.
298
Сама петиция и подписи к ней доступны на сайте Палаты электронной коммерции http://www.digitalchamber.org/ny-bitlicense.html.
299
Петиция губернатору Эндрю Куомо доступна на сайте change.org, http://www.change.org/p/governor-andrew-m-cuomo-and-the-new-york-state-legislature-stop-bitlicense-from-harming-small-businesses-and-tech-innovation-in-ny.
300
Jeremy Allaire, “Thoughts on the New York BitLicense Proposal,” August 13, 2014, Circle Internet Financial blog, http://www.circle.com/2014/08/13/thoughts-new-york-bitlicense-proposal.
301
Paul Vigna, “BitBeat: BitLicense Gets Extension; Lawsky: ‘We Don’t Have a Monopoly on the Truth,’” Wall Street Journal, MoneyBeat blog, August 21, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/08/21/bitbeat-bitlicense-gets-extension-lawsky-we-dont-have-a-monopoly-on-the-truth/.
302
Интервью Майкла Кейси с Джимом Харпером 8 августа 2014 года.
303
Пять триллионов долларов – оценка Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития (ОЭСР) по состоянию на 2007 год, приведенная в статье Places in the Sun, Economist, February 22, 2007; 32 триллиона долларов – верхний предел диапазона 21–32 триллиона долларов, приводившегося в докладе ассоциации «Справедливое налогообложение» The Price of Offshore Revisited, опубликованном 22 июля 2012 года. Доступен на сайте http://www.taxjustice.net/cms/upload/pdf/ThePriceofOffshoreRevisitedPresser120722.pdf.
304
Ali Najjar, “Bulgarian NRA Offers Bitcoin Tax Guidelines,” CoinReport, April 2, 2014, https://coinreport.net/bulgaria – bitcoin-tax-guidelines/.
305
Emily Spaven, “Swiss Government Report: Bitcoin Too ‘Insignifi cant’ for Legislation,” June 25, 2014, CoinDesk, http://www.coindesk.com/switzerland-government-report-bitcoin-insignificant-legislation/.
306
Michael J. Casey, “BitBeat: Crypto Innovators Find Fertile Ground in Soft-Touch Switzerland,” Wall Street Journal, Money-Beat blog, August 4, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/08/04/bitbeat-crypto-innovators-find-fertile-ground-in-soft-touch-switzerland/.
307
Anna Irrera, “U.K. to Examine Virtual Currency Regulation,” Wall Street Journal, Digits blog, August 6, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/08/06/uk-to-examine-virtual-currency-regulation/.
308
Nermin Hajdarbegovic, “First Regulated Bitcoin Investment Fund to Launch on Island of Jersey,” July 10, 2014, CoinDesk, http://www.coindesk.com/first-regulated-bitcoin-investment-fund-launch-island-jersey/.
309
Robert Paul Davis, “Isle of Man Welcomes Digital Currency Exchanges ‘No License Required,’” CoinDesk, March 28, 2014, http://www.coindesk.com/isle-man-welcomes-digital-currency-exchanges-license-required/.
310
Samuel Rubenfeld, “Canada Enacts Bitcoin Regulations,” Wall Street Journal, Risk & Compliance blog, June 23, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/riskandcompliance/2014/06/23/canada-enacts-bitcoin-regulations/.
311
Tanaya Macheel, “Th e Case for Merging Mexico’s Peso with Block Chain Technology,” CoinDesk, July 26, 2014, http://www.coindesk.com/case-merging-mexicos-peso-block-chain-technology/.
312
Интервью Майкла Кейси с Орелиеном Менантом 20 июля 2014 года.
313
Newley Purnell, “Singapore Investigates Death of American Startup CEO,” Wall Street Journal, Digits blog, March 7, 2014, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/07/singapore-investigates-death-of-american-startup-ceo/.
314
Sanat Vallikappen, “Singapore to Regulate Bitcoin Operators for Laundering Risk,” March 13, 2014, Bloomberg, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-13/.
315
Jon Southurst, “Singapore Government-Owned Investment Firm ‘Experiments’ with Bitcoin,” CoinDesk, June 27, 2014, http://www.coindesk.com/singapore-government-owned-investment-firm-experiments-bitcoin/.
316
Sophie Knight,
