My thanks also go to all who agreed to be interviewed for the book, as well as those who read portions or all of the manuscript—particularly Lyall Johnson, Joe Albright, Eldred Nelson, Stan Norris, Joe Volpe, Richard Rhodes, Herb York, Tom Powers, Robert Seidel, and Spencer Weart. Though they caught errors of omission and commission, those that remain are my own.
Archivist Bill Roberts was of great help at the Bancroft; Martha Demarre at DOE’s archive in Las Vegas is a national treasure; Marcia Daniel was a “FOIA angel” at the FBI and deserves all the awards the bureau can possibly give her. Phil Schiedermayer was helpful in opening doors to other former FBI agents; Lou Benson of the National Security Agency helped in the interpretation of Venona; Jennifer Decapua hunted down Joint Committee records. Steve Wofford, Jim Carothers, and Beverly Bull, at Livermore, were of more assistance than I was able to appreciate at the time; as was Roger Meade at Los Alamos.
Joe Albright and Marcia Kunstel shared with the author documents that they brought out of the former Soviet Union and that are reprinted, in part, in the text. Bart Bernstein, John Haynes, Harvey Klehr, Chuck Hansen, Stan Norris, Kai Bird, and Priscilla McMillan were likewise generous in sharing the insights and documents that they discovered in their own, related research. Peter and Judy Oppenheimer were kind enough to provide photographs and papers from their respective fathers, Robert and Frank. Jack Crawford made available the private papers of AEC Commissioner Thomas Murray. Karen Chevalier not only gave the author permission to quote from her father’s papers in Valreas, France, but also hosted my wife and me during a marvelous week-and-a-half stay in Provence. Many thanks to Marilyn de Silva for a copy of her husband’s uncompleted manscript on Oppenheimer.
Smithsonian secretary Bob Adams and several directors of the National Air and Space Museum—Martin Harwit, Bob Hoffman, Donald Engen, and Jack Dailey—deserve thanks for allowing me the time to complete the book. The faculty of the history and politics departments at my undergraduate alma mater, the University of California, Santa Cruz, provided fellowship and a place to work during a sabbatical in 1996–97. My thanks to the MacArthur Foundation for a research and writing grant in 1992.
Dan Guttman and the staff of the President’s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, my colleagues during 1994–95, not only tolerated my peculiar interest in Lawrence but are responsible for a most intellectually exciting time.
To all those unnamed friends who provided logistical and emotional support over the past decade, an inscribed copy of the book is promised. You have my gratitude now.
Molly Lawrence, who played an early and important part in my research, got to welcome in the new century, as she had hoped. With luck, her other wish will also come to pass.
Finally, I’d like to acknowledge an intellectual debt to a late friend, colleague, and inspiration to all those who have labored in this particular vineyard—Stanley Goldberg. Stan, we still miss you every day.
INDEX
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Abelson, Philip
Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Acheson, Dean
and second lab
and the Super
Acheson-Lilienthal plan
Addis, Thomas
Adler, Felix
AFOAT-1
air force
nuclear bomber
Oppenheimer blacklisted with
Science Advisory Board
and superbomb
Alarm Clock
Allardice, Corbin
Alpha Calutron
Alpha racetracks
Alpha I
Alpha II
Alpha III
Alvarez, Luis (“Luie”)
and atomic bomb test
and bomb project
critic of Lawrence
East Coast Rad Lab
and hydrogen bomb
Linac
at Los Alamos
and MTA
and Oppenheimer hearing
postwar research
and radiological warfare
statement to FBI about Oppenheimer
and the Super
war work
witness to attack on Hiroshima
American Federation of Teachers
Local
American Physical Society
Americans
espionage proceedings against
passing information to Soviets
recruited by Soviets
Amtorg
Anderson, Clinton
Apresyan, Stepan (May)
Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
arms race
see also nuclear arms race
army
contracts
counterintelligence
funding Berkeley Rad Lab
Military Intelligence Division
Military Intelligence Division, Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC)
and new lab
and Oppenheimer’s security clearance
and postwar research
security
surveillance
taking over bomb project
turf war with FBI
and University of California
wiretaps and bugs
see also G-2 (military intelligence)
Army Air Corps/Army Air Force (AAF)
see also air force
Arneson, Gordon
Association of Los Alamos Scientists (ALAS)
Atlas (missile)
atom
atomic arsenal (U.S.)
atomic bomb
alternative concepts for
attack on Hiroshima
concern over moral implications of
consideration of use of
control of
doubts/regrets about
feasibility of
international control of
measuring explosive force of
men and equipment sent to Pacific to drop
Oppenheimer and
possibility of failure of
postwar policy regarding
postwar production of
postwar research
proposed demonstration of
radiation from
roadblocks on way to
reaching completion
shock wave from
small
Soviet Union
Soviets spying on
stockpile of
in thermonuclear explosion
threat to humanity posed by
see also bomb project; tests/testing
atomic chain reaction
Atomic Development Authority (ADA) (proposed)
atomic disintegration
atomic energy
civilian control of
international control of
international implications of
military applications of
peacetime applications of
practical application of
proposal to share information about
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Atoms for Peace
and bomb tests
Brookhaven laboratory
and case against Oppenheimer
classification system
contracts for nuclear power plants
contracts with University of California
and disarmament
Division of Military Application
Division of Security
and FBI
guidelines regarding security risks
and MTA
and nuclear tests
Oppenheimer hearings
Personnel Security Boards (PSB)
personnel security questionnaires
and Rad Lab
radiological warfare study
and second lab
and spy scandal
Strauss chairman of
subcontracts
supposed malfeasance
and the Super
and test ban
verdict on Oppenheimer
atomic nucleus
atomic pile
fission products from
review of status
“Atomic Program Chronology”
atomic research
postwar
“Atomic Summit”
atomic warfare, future of
Atoms for Peace program
autocatalytic weapons
Bacher, Robert
on AEC
and Soviet bomb
and the Super
test-ban talks
witness at Oppenheimer hearing
ballistic missiles
Baruch, Bernard
Bates, Charles
Belmont, Alan
Benicia Laboratory
Bentley, Elizabeth
Beria, Lavrentii
Berkeley
accelerators at
army contract(s)
and bomb project
concern over moral implications of bomb
contribution to war effort
dominant power in high-energy physics
effect of Second World War on
Faculty Club
espionage at
Lawrence at
LeConte Hall
loyalty oath controversy at
New Classroom Building
Oppenheimer returned to
physicists at
physics department
postwar research
scientists and Communist Party
security investigations at
see also University of California
Beta Calutrons
Bethe, Hans
and clean bombs
and Fuchs spy scandal
at Los Alamos
and new lab
plans for missile shield
as scientist of conscience
and the Super
and test ban
and test-ban talks
Bevatron
Bikini atoll
Birge, Raymond
loss of physicists
on Oppenheimer
and replacement for Oppenheimer
Bloch, Felix
Board of Consultants (Acheson-Lilienthal plan)
Bohemian Grove meeting (1947)
Bohm, David
Bohr, Niels
bomb physics
seminar (1942)
bomb project
army taking over
at Berkeley
classified work related to
and espionage
fissionable material for
Los Alamos
Oppenheimer
