22 Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013); Maliniak, Daniel, Powers, Ryan and Walter, Barbara F. (2013), ‘The Gender Citation Gap in International Relations’, International Organization; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, Lange, Samantha and Brus, Holly (2013), ‘Gendered Citation Patterns in International Relations’, Journal of International Studies Perspectives, 14:4, 485–92
23 King, Molly M., Bergstrom, Carl T., Correll, Shelley J., Jacquet, Jennifer, and West, Jevin D. (2017), ‘Men Set Their Own Cites High: Gender and Self-citation across Fields and over Time’ Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3: 1–22
24 Bagilhole, Barbara and Goode, Jackie (2001), ‘The Contradiction of the Myth of Individual Merit, and the Reality of a Patriarchal Support System in Academic Careers: A Feminist Investigation’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, 8:2, 161–80
25 Krawczyk, Michał (2017), Are all researchers male? Gender misattributions in citations, Scientometrics, 110:3, 1397–1402
26 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/12/upshot/even-famous-female-economists-get-no-respect.html
27 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/upshot/when-teamwork-doesnt-work-for-women.html?mcubz=1
28 Knobloch-Westerwick, Glynn and Huge (2013)
29 https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-yourea-woman-academia-stephen-walt/
30 https://www.chronicle.com/article/Thanks-for-Listening/233825
31 http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/female-profs-more-work-1.4473910
32 Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Hesli, Vicki L., ‘Women Don’t Ask? Women Don’t Say No? Bargaining and Service in the Political Science Profession, PS: Political Science & Politics, 46:2, 355–369; Guarino, Cassandra M. and Borden, Victor M. H. (2017), ‘Faculty Service Loads and Gender: Are Women Taking Care of the Academic Family?’, Research in Higher Education, 58:6 672–694
33 https://hbr.org/2018/03/for-women-and-minorities-to-get-ahead-managers-must-assign-work-fairly; Laperrière, Ève, Messing, Karen and Bourbonnais, Renée (2017), ‘Work activity in food service: The significance of customer relations, tipping practices and gender for preventing musculoskeletal disorders’, Applied Ergonomics, 58, 89–101
34 Guarino and Borden (2017); Baker, Maureen (2012), Academic Careers and the Gender Gap, Canada; Gibney, Elizabeth (2017), ‘Teaching load could put female scientists at career disadvantage’, Nature, https://www.nature.com/news/teaching-load-could-put-female-scientists-at-career-disadvantage-1.21839; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC
35 Amy Bug (2010), ‘Swimming against the unseen tide’, Phys. World, 23:08; Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016), ‘Student evaluations of teaching (mostly) do not measure teaching effectiveness’ ScienceOpen Research
36 Boring, Anne, Ottoboni, Kellie and Stark, Philip B. (2016)
37 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-andf-student-evaluations/
38 MacNell, Lillian, Driscoll, Adam and Hunt, Andrea N. (2015), ‘What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching’, Innovative Higher Education, 40:4, 291–303
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2015/feb/13/female-academics-huge-sexist-bias-students
40 http://activehistory.ca/2017/03/shes-hot-female-sessional-instructors-gender-bias-and-student-evaluations/
41 Storage, Daniel, Home, Zachary, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2016), ‘The Frequency of “Brilliant” and “Genius” in Teaching Evaluations Predicts the Representation of Women and African Americans across Fields’, PLoS ONE 11:3; Leslie, Sarah-Jane, Cimpian, Andrei, Meyer, Meredith and Freeland, Edward (2015), ‘Expectations of brilliance underlie gender distributions across academic disciplines’, Science, 347:6219, 262–5; Meyer, Meredith, Cimpian, Andrei and Leslie, Sarah-Jane (2015), ‘Women are underrepresented in fields where success is believed to require brilliance’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6:235
42 Banchefsky, Sarah, Westfall, Jacob, Park, Bernadette and Judd, Charles M. (2016), ‘But You Don’t Look Like A Scientist!: Women Scientists with Feminine Appearance are Deemed Less Likely to be Scientists’, Sex Roles, 75:3–4, 95–109
43 Bian, Lin, Leslie, Sarah-Jane and Cimpian, Andrei (2017), ‘Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests’, Science, 355: 6323, 389–391
44 https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/institutions/bias.html
45 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/may/31/women-science-industry-structure-sexist-courses-careers
46 Grunspan, Daniel Z., Eddy, Sarah L., Brownell, Sara E., Wiggins, Benjamin L., Crowe, Alison J., Goodreau, Steven M. (2016), ‘Males Under-Estimate Academic Performance of Their Female Peers in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms’, PLoS ONE, 11:2
47 Schmader, Toni, Whitehead, Jessica and Wysocki, Vicki H. (2007), ‘A Linguistic Comparison of Letters of Recommendation for Male and Female Chemistry and Biochemistry Job Applicants’, Sex Roles, 57:7–8, 509–14; Madera, Juan M., Hebl, Michelle R. and Martin, Randi C. (2009), ‘Gender and letters of recommendation for academia: Agentic and communal differences’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94:6, 1591–9; Dutt, Kuheli, Pfaff, Danielle L., Bernstein, Ariel F., Dillard, Joseph S. and Block, Caryn J. (2016), ‘Gender differences in recommendation letters for postdoctoral fellowships in geoscience’, Nature Geoscience, 9, 805–8
48 Madera et al. (2009)
49 https://www.nature.com/news/women-postdocs-less-likely-than-men-toget-a-glowing-reference-1.20715
50 Trix, Frances and Psenka, Carolyn (2003), ‘Exploring the Color of Glass: Letters of Recommendation for Female and Male Medical Faculty’, Discourse & Society, 14:2, 191–220
51 Ibid.
52 Madera at al. (2009)
53 Nielsen, Mathias Wullum, Andersen, Jens Peter, Schiebinger, Londa and Schneider, Jesper W. (2017), ‘One and a half million medical papers reveal a link between author gender and attention to gender and sex analysis’, Nature Human Behaviour, 1, 791–6
54 http://gap.hks.harvard.edu/effects-gender-stereotypic-and-counter-stereotypic-textbook-images-science-performance
55 https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/project/gendergap/www/papers/anatomy-WSQ99.html
56 Light, Jennifer S. (1999), ‘When Computers Were Women’, Technology and Culture, 40:3, 455–483
57 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010), The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise, Cambridge MA
58 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
59 http://thecomputerboys.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/cosmopolitan-april-1967–1-large.jpg
60 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/09/what-programmings-past-reveals-about-todays-gender-pay-gap/498797/
61 Ensmenger, Nathan L. (2010)
62 Ibid.
63 https://www.hfobserver.com/exclusive-content/q4-top-recruiting-department-hires-and-an-acquisition/
64 https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/01/how-algorithms-rule-our-working-lives
65 https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/11/your-job-their-data-the-most-important-untold-story-about-the-future/281733/
66 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471–6402.2008.00454.x; Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock and Lei Lai (2007), ‘Social incentives for gender differences in the propensity to initiate negotiations: Sometimes it does hurt to ask’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 84–103.
67 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
68 https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/advan.00085.2017
69 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
70 https://medium.com/@triketora/where-are-the-numbers-cb997a57252
71 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/workplace-gender-quotas-incompetence-efficiency-business-organisations-london-school-economics-lse-a7797061.html
72 http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/184/hopkins.html
73 http://www.cwf.ch/uploads/press/ABusinessCaseForWomen.pdf
74 https://madebymany.com/stories/can-a-few-well-chosen-words-improve-inclusivity
75 Gaucher, D., Friesen, J. and Kay, A. C. (2011), ‘Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101:1, 109–28
76 https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/12/meritocracy/418074/
77 Castilla, Emilio J. (2015), ‘Accounting for the Gap: A Firm Study Manipulating Organizational Accountability and Transparency in Pay Decisions’, Organization Science, 26:2, 311–33
Chapter 5
1 Kingma, Boris and Marken Lichtenbelt, Wouter van (2015), ‘Energy consumption in buildings and female thermal demand,’ Nature Climate Change, 5, 1054–6
2 https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/04/science/chilly-at-work-a-decades-old-formula-may-be-to-blame.html?_r=0
3 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/history/historical-picture.pdf
4 Ibid.
5 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4822a1.htm
6 https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
7 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.W0oUw9gzrOT
8 Ibid
9 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
10 https://www.equaltimes.org/the-invisible-risks-facing-working?lang=en#.WsyCV9MbPOS
11 Messing, K. (in press), ‘Fighting invisibility in the workplace: the struggle to protect health and support equality in the workplace’ In Greaves, Lorraine (ed.) A History of Women’s Health in Canada, Second Story Press.
12 Côté, Julie (2012), ‘A critical review on physical factors and functional characteristics that may explain a sex/gender difference in work-related neck/shoulder disorders’, Ergonomics, 55:2, 173–82
13 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/cancer/cancer.pdf?pdf=cancer
14 Rochon Ford, Anne (2014), “Overexposed, Underinformed”: Nail Salon Workers and Hazards to Their Health / A Review of the Literature National Network on Environments and Women’s Health’, RPSFM (Réseau pancanadien sur la santé des femmes et le milieu)
15 http://www.hazards.org/vulnerableworkers/ituc28april.htm
16 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’, NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy; Rochon Ford (2014)
17 ‘Breast Cancer and Occupation: The Need for Action: APHA Policy Statement Number 20146, Issued November 18, 2014’; Brophy, James T., Keith,
