57 http://www.thehoya.com/metro-surveys-sexual-harassment-cases/
58 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/soraya-chemaly/for-women-rape-isnt-amom_b_9997350.html
59 http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Man-Accused-of-Metro-Assault-Was-Indecent-Exposure-Suspect-380782091.html
60 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/10/20/why-the-metoo-movement-is-a-public-transportation-issue/?utm_term=.09b8335a38b6
61 Ceccato, Vania (2017), ‘Women’s transit safety: making connections and defining future directions in research and practice’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19:3–4 (September 2017), 276–87
62 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
63 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
64 Ceccato (2017)
65 https://twitter.com/awlilnatty/status/860142443550957568
66 http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/why-delhi-s-public-transport-is-still-a-war-zone-for-women/story-0bzla56HO3BIgI9LQqSSJI.html
67 Ceccato and Paz (2017)
68 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2016/08/what_happens_when_sexual_assault_happens_on_a_long_haul_flight.html
69 http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/woman-masturbating-passenger-cabin-crew-american-airlines-paris-a7839186.html?cmpid=facebook-post
70 Ceccato (2017)
71 http://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/2611-women-transportation.pdf
72 Gardner, Cui and Coiacetto (2017)
73 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
74 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
75 http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf T
76 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/sj.2014.9; http://wricitieshub.org/sites/default/files/Final_Report_24082015_0.pdf
77 http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-understanding-our-diverse-communities.pdf
78 https://matadornetwork.com/life/make-public-transportation-safer-women/
79 http://news.trust.org//spotlight/most-dangerous-transport-systems-for-women/
80 http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/delhi-gangrape-victims-friend-relives-the-horrifying-84-minutes-of-december-16-night/1/309573.html
81 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/05/world/asia/death-sentence-delhi-gang-rape.html
82 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-rape-attack-idUSBRE8BU02E20121231
83 Goodney, Suzanne, D’Silva, Lea Elsa and Asok, Abhijith (2017), ‘Women’s strategies addressing sexual harassment and assault on public buses: an analysis of crowdsourced data’, Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 19: 3–4, 227–39
84 https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/oct/13/why-arent-we-designing-cities-that-work-for-women-not-just-men
85 https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/dec/05/if-women-built-cities-what-would-our-urban-landscape-look-like
86 http://www.dailytitan.com/2013/11/workout-culture-subconsciously-reinforces-sexist-norms/ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11587175/Womens-fitness-What-men-really-think-about-women-in-the-gym.html
87 Irschik, Elisabeth and Kail, Eva, ‘Vienna: Progress Towards a Fair Shared City’, in Roberts, Marion and Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés (eds.) (2013)
88 http://www.wpsprague.com/research-1/2017/1/6/more-girls-to-parks-case-study-of-einsiedler-park-viennamilota-sidorova
89 http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civ_pol-an2_m_web.pdf
90 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9ff3/1491301765672/F%C3%B6rstudie+j%C3%A4mstalld+stadsplanering+Add+Gender+2013.pdf
91 https://malmo.se/download/18.1388f79a149845ce3b9102b/1491300931437/Presentation+20120913.pdf
92 http://webbutik.skl.se/bilder/artiklar/pdf/7164–987-4.pdf?issuusl=ignore
Chapter 3
1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/18/gender.uk
2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34602822
3 https://eng.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/media/Gender_Equality_in_Iceland_012012.pdf
4 http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/wellbeing/what-is-life-really-like-for-women-in-iceland-the-worlds-most-womanfriendly-country-20161031-gsez8j.html
5 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf
6 https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2016/03/daily-chart-0
7 McKinsey Global Institute (2015), The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth
8 https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labor-force-determinants
9 Veerle, Miranda (2011), ‘Cooking, Caring and Volunteering: Unpaid Work Around the World’, OECD Social, employment and migration working papers no.116, OECD
10 http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf
11 Chopra, D. and Zambelli, E. (2017), ‘No Time to Rest: Women’s Lived Experiences of Balancing Paid Work and Unpaid Care Work’, Institute of Development Studies
12 Veerle (2011)
13 Dinh, Huong, Strazdins, Lyndall and Welsh, Jennifer (2017), ‘Hour-glass ceilings: Work-hour thresholds, gendered health inequities’, Social Science & Medicine 176, 42–51
14 http://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
15 https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2015/time-spent-in-leisure-activities-in-2014-by-gender-age-and-educational-attainment.htm
20 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/menenjoyfivehoursmoreleisuretimeperweekthanwomen/2018–01-09
21 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
22 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR16/WEF_Global_Gender_Gap_Report_2016.pdf
23 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362–1265299949041/6766328–1270752196897/Gender_Infra-structure2.pdf
24 L. Schiebinger and S. K. Gilmartin (2010), ‘Housework is an academic issue’, Academe, 96:39–44
25 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2085396-childcare-and-housework-are-what-give-women-more-heart-problems/
26 Kilpi, F., Konttinen, H., Silventoinen, K., Martikainen, P. (2015) ‘Living arrangements as determinants of myocardial infarction incidence and survival: A prospective register study of over 300,000 Finnish men and women’, Social Science & Medicine, 133, 93–100
27 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/husbands-create-extra-seven-hours-of-housework-a-week-a6885951.html
28 https://theconversation.com/census-2016-women-are-still-disadvantagedby-the-amount-of-unpaid-housework-they-do-76008
29 https://www.inc.com/tom-popomaronis/science-says-you-shouldnt-work-more-than-this-number-of-hours-a-day.html?cid=cp01002wired
30 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jan/15/is-28-hours-ideal-working-week-for-healthy-life
31 http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/stress.pdf?pdf=stress
32 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C030
33 Virtanen, M., Ferrie, J. E., Singh-Manoux, A. et al. (2011), ‘Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study’, Psychological Medicine, 41:12, 2485–94
34 Shields, M. (1999) ‘Long working hours and health’, Health Reports, 11:2, 33–48
35 Dinh, Strazdins and Welsh (2017)
36 Dembe, Allard E. and Yao, Xiaoxi (2016), ‘Chronic Disease Risks From Exposure to Long-Hour Work Schedules Over a 32-Year Period’, MPH Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 58:9, 861–7
37 Ibid.
38 https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/01/08/ryangosling-golden-globes-acceptance-speech-eva-mendes/96330942/
39 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/03/spot-working-mother-happy-busy-caretaker
40 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
41 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
42 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
43 https://www.closethegap.org.uk/content/gap-statistics/
44 https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/earningsandworkinghours/bulletins/annualsurveyofhoursandearnings/2017provisionaland2016revisedresults
45 https://www.statista.com/statistics/280691/median-hourly-earnings-for-part-time-employees-in-the-uk-since-2006/
46 Levanon, Asaf, England, Paula and Allison, Paul (2009) ‘Occupational Feminization and Pay: Assessing Causal Dynamics Using 1950–2000 U.S. Census Data’, Social Forces, 88:2, 865–891
47 Pan, Jessica (2015), ‘Gender Segregation in Occupations: The Role of Tipping and Social Interactions’, Journal of Labor Economics, 33:2, 365–408
48 https://www.oecd.org/dev/development-gender/Unpaid_care_work.pdf
49 Fawcett Society (2018), Sex Discrimination Law Review
50 Ibid.
51 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
52 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 https://www.unisa.edu.au/Global/EASS/HRI/Austen,%20Sharp%20and%20Hodgson%202015.pdf
56 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
57 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39040132
58 http://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Closing-the-Pensions-Gap-Web.pdf
59 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
60 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/
61 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf
62 Kalb, Guyonne (2018), ‘Paid Parental Leave and Female Labour Supply: A Review’, Economic Record, 94:304, 80–100; Strang, Lucy and Broeks, Miriam (2016), ‘Maternity leave policies: Trade-offs between labour market demands and health benefits for children’, European Union; https://www.dol.gov/wb/resources/paid_parental_leave_in_the_united_states.pdf (2014)
63 Rossin-Slater, Maya, Ruhm, Christopher J. and Waldfogel, Jane (2011), ‘The Effects of California’s Paid Family Leave Program on Mothers’ Leave-Taking and Subsequent Labor Market Outcomes’, NBER Working Paper No. 17715; Kalb (2018)
64 Kalb (2018)
65 Strang and Broeks (2016)
66 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
67 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
68 Kalb (2018)
69 https://www.maternityaction.org.uk/2017/03/the-truth-is-that-uk-maternity-pay-is-amongst-the-lowest-in-europe/
70 https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf
71 https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/twt/brexit-isn-t-just-blokes
72 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2016/593543/EPRS_ATA(2016)593543_EN.pdf
73 https://politicalscrapbook.net/2017/10/mays-new-brexit-minister-wants-to-ditch-eu-laws-protecting-pregnant-women-and-vulnerable-workers/#more-67848
74 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=0de4f7f0-d1a0-4e63-94c7-5e69081caa5f
75 https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/councillor-dumped-from-authority-over-time-off-after-giving-birth-prematurely-10122410.html
76 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/these-10-countries-have-the-best-parental-leave-policies-in-the-world
77 http://uk.businessinsider.com/maternity-leave-worldwide-2017–8/#us-the-family-and-medical-leave-act-provides-up-to-12-weeks-unpaid-leave-but-itdoesnt-apply-to-everyone-5
78 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/es_20170606_paidfamilyleave.pdf
79 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017–11-09/malaysia-s-giving-working-moms-a-better-maternity-deal-than-u-s
80 http://prospect.org/article/beware-paid-family-leave-fig-leaf-gop-tax-plan
81 https://www.bls.gov/ncs/ebs/benefits/2017/ebbl0061.pdf
82 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/paid-maternity-leave-us-worst-countres-world-donald-trump-family-leave-plan-women-republican-social-a7606036.html
83 Blau, Francine D. and Kahn, Lawrence M. (2013), ‘Female Labor Supply: Why is the US Falling Behind?’, The American Economic Review, 103:3, 251–256
84 https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/upshot/why-a-republican-plan-for-paid-leave-has-stirred-concern-about-social-security.html
85 http://crr.bc.edu/working-papers/how-much-does-motherhood-cost-women-in-social-security-benefits/
86 See Chapter 10
87 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/17/cdc_data_says_women_in_their_thirties_are_having_more_babies_than_women.html
88 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
89 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
90 http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/06/female_academics_pay_a_heavy_baby_penalty.html
91 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
92 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/26/business/tenure-extension-policies-that-put-women-at-a-disadvantage.html
93 https://hardsci.wordpress.com/2016/06/28/dont-change-your-family-friendly-tenure-extension-policy-just-yet/
94 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/3/39/Employment_rate_by_sex%2C_age_group_20–64%2C_1993–2016_%28%25%29.png
95 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
96 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
97 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/28/swedish-fathers-paid-paternity-parental-leave
98 https://www.oecd.org/policy-briefs/parental-leave-where-are-the-fathers.pdf
99 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/mar/22/force-men-to-take-fater-only-parental-leave-experts-urge-mps
100 https://qz.com/266841/economic-case-for-paternity-leave/
101 https://www.ft.com/content/f3154b96-e0c5-11e5-8d9b-e88a2a889797
102 https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/upshot/paternity-leave-the-rewards-and-the-remaining-stigma.html
103 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html
104 http://fortune.com/2014/10/25/7-companies-with-the-best-perks-for-parents/
105 https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/23/technology/in-googles-inner-circle-a-falling-number-of-women.html
106 http://www.businessinsider.com/evernote-pays-for-its-employees-to-have-their-houses-cleaned-2012–10?IR=T
107 https://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/g28143/the-best-lactation-rooms-across-america/
108 http://time.com/money/4972232/12-companies-with-the-most-luxurious-employee-perks/
109 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/05/16/apple_s_new_head-quarters_apple_park_has_no_child_care_center_despite_costing.html
110 http://www.kff.org/other/poll-finding/kaiser-family-foundationnew-york-timescbs-news-non-employed-poll/
111 https://www.flexjobs.com/blog/post/stats-about-remote-and-flexible-work-2017-predictions/
112 https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/why-are-big-companies-calling-their-remote-workers-back-office-n787101
113 https://timewise.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Timewise-Flexible-Jobs-Index-2017.pdf
114 Goldin, Claudia (2014), ‘A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter,’ American Economic Review, American Economic Association, 104:4, 1091–119
115 https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-women-are-no-longer-catching-up-to-men-on-pay/
116 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
117 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Taxation%20English.pdf
118 Schiebinger and Gilmartin (2010)
119 https://www.ft.com/content/60729d68-20bb-11e5-aa5a-398b2169cf79
120 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
121 http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=54757
122 http://money.cnn.com/2016/10/16/news/economy/japan-companies-women-careers-nissan/index.html
123 http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21599763-womens-lowly-status-japanese-workplace-has-barely-improved-decades-and-country
124 https://www.oecd.org/japan/japan-improving-the-labour-market-outcomes-of-women.pdf
125 https://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/structural-changes-final-report_en.pdf
126 https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/07/for-female-scientists-theres-no-good-time-to-have-children/278165/
127 https://work.qz.com/1156034/nobel-prize-winner-christiane-nussleinvolhard-is-helping-women-scientists-pay-to-outsource-household-chores/
128 http://genderpolicyreport.umn.edu/tax-proposals-a-missed-opportunityfor-addressing-implicit-gender-bias/; European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union
129 https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/deducting-business-expenses
130 http://fortune.com/2016/07/23/expense-policies-hurt-women/
131 https://www.gingerbread.org.uk/policy-campaigns/publications-index/statistics/
132 https://singlemotherguide.com/single-mother-statistics/
133 Fawcett Society (2017), Does Local Government Work for Women?
Chapter 4
1 Goldin, Claudia and Rouse, Cecilia (2000), ‘Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians’, American Economic Review, 90:4, 715–41
2 http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/arts-and-theatre/in-orchestras-a-sea-change-in-gender-proportions/article_25cd8c54-5ca4-529f-bb98-8c5b08c64434.html
3 https://nyphil.org/about-us/meet/musicians-of-the-orchestra
4 Kunovich, Sheri and Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. (2007), ‘Systems of Distribution and a Sense of Equity: A Multilevel Analysis of Meritocratic Attitudes in Post-industrial Societies’, European Sociological Review, 23:5, 649–63; Castilla., Emilio J. and Benard, Stephen (2010), ‘The Paradox of Meritocracy in Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 55:4, 543–676
5 Reynolds, Jeremy and Xian, He (2014), ‘Perceptions of meritocracy in the land of opportunity’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 36, 121–37
6 Castilla and Benard (2010)
7 http://fortune.com/2014/08/26/performance-review-gender-bias/
8 Castilla and Benard (2010)
9 http://stateofstartups.firstround.com/2016/#highlights-diversity-prediction
10 Uhlmann, Eric Luis and Cohen, Geoffrey L. (2007), ‘“I think it, therefore it’s true”: Effects of self-perceived objectivity on hiring discrimination’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104:2, 207–23; Castilla and Benard (2010)
11 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
12 https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/20/the-tech-industrys-gender-discrimination-problem
13 https://hbr.org/2014/10/hacking-techs-diversity-problem
14 https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/04/why-is-silicon-valley-so-awful-to-women/517788/
15 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-women-tech-20150222-story.html#page=1
16 Reynolds and Xian (2014)
17 Handley, Ian M., Brown, Elizabeth R., Moss-Racusin, Corinne A. and Smith, Jessi L. (2015), ‘Quality of evidence revealing subtle gender biases in science is in the eye of the beholder’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112:43, 13201–13206
18 https://erc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document/file/Gender_statistics_April_2014.pdf; Wenneras, C. and Wold, A. (1997), ‘Nepotism and sexism in peer-review’, Nature, 387:341; Milkman, Katherine L., Akinola, Modupe and Chugh, Dolly (2015), ‘What Happens Before? A Field Experiment Exploring How Pay and Representation Differentially Shape Bias on the Pathway Into Organizations’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 100:6, 1678–712; Knobloch-Westerwick, Silvia, Glynn, Carroll J. and Huge, Michael (2013), ‘The Matilda Effect in Science Communication’, Science Communication, 35:5, 603–25; Kaatz, Anna, Gutierrez, Belinda and Carnes, Molly (2014), ‘Threats to objectivity in peer review: the case of gender’, Trends Pharmacol Sci., 35:8, 371–3; Women and Science Unit (2011), White Paper on the Position of Women in Science in Spain, UMYC
19 Women and Science Unit (2011); https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/04/19/how-to-get-tenure-if-youre-a-woman-academia-stephen-walt/
20 Roberts, Sean G. and Verhoef, Tessa (2016), ‘Double-blind reviewing at EvoLang 11 reveals gender bias’, Journal of Language Evolution, 1:2, 163–67
21 Budden, Amber E., Tregenza, Tom, Aarssen, Lonnie W., Koricheva, Julia, Leimu, Roosa and Lortie, Christopher J. (2008), ‘Double-blind review favours increased representation
