c In Metro High School in St. Louis, doing for others is an integral part of education. Its 250 selected students (65% black, 35% white) are required to work as volunteers in the community. In 1983, the service requirement was sixty hours a year at a nonprofit agency within the city of St. Louis. According to Ernest Boyer, and students receive “far more than they give.” “One young man with longish hair, tight and faded blue jeans, and a street-wise expression on his face spoke movingly of what he learned while working on the ‘graveyard shift’ (12 midnight to 7 a.m.) in the emergency room of a medical center: i learned a lot this past summer. I learned how to deal with my own feelings. I learned how to cry. That was a big step. When a little three-year-old girl goes into seizures and they found out she had meningitis and died that morning, you learn to feel for people.’”8
Notes
Preface
1.Staub, E. (1978-79). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences; Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.
2.Marton, K. (1982). Wallenberg. New York: Ballantine Books.
3. Staub, E. (1985). The psychology of perpetrators and bystanders. Political Psychology, 6, 61-86.
Chapter 1
1.Bettelheim, B. (1986). Their specialty was murder. Review of Robert J. Lifton’s “The Nazi doctors.” New York Times Book Review. October 5.
2.Kuper, L. (1981). Genocide: Its political use in the twentieth century. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
3.Ibid., p. 23.
4.Ibid., p. 28.
5.Ibid., p. 28.
6.Ibid., p. 19.
7.On the political identification of groups for torture (and mass killing) see also:
Staub, E. (1987). The psychology of torture and torturers. Paper presented at a symposium on torture at the American Psychological Association meetings, New York. Also in P. Suedfeld (Ed.). (In press). Psychology and torture. Washington, D. C: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
8.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
Davidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews: 1933-1945. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
9.Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
Des Pres, T. (1976). The survivor: An anatomy of life in the death camps. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hilberg, Destruction.
10.Toynbee, A. J. (Ed.). (1916). The treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
11.Morgenthau, H., Sr. (1918). Ambassador Morgenthau’s story. New York: Doubleday.
12.Etcheson, G. (1984). The rise and demise of democratic Kampuchea, 1942-1981. Boulder: Westview Press.
Becker, E. (1986). When the war was over: The voices of Cambodia’s revolution and its people. New York: Simon & Schuster.
13.Amnesty International Report. (1980). Testimony on secret detention camps in Argentina. London: Amnesty International Publications.
Argentine National Commission. (1986). Nunca Mas: The report of the Argentine National Commission on the disappeared. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux.
14.Rubinstein, R. L. (1975). The cunning of history. New York: Harper & Row.
Chapter 2
1.Berlin, I. (1979). Nationalism: Past neglect and present power. Partisan Review, 46.
Mack, J. (1983). Nationalism and the self. Psychohistory Review, 2, nos. 2-3, 47-69.
2.Dimont, M. I. (1962). Jews, God and history. New York: New American Library.
Po-chia Hsia, R. (1988). The myth of ritual murder: Jews and magic in Reformation Germany. New Haven: Yale Univeristy Press.
3.Craig, G. A. (1982). The Germans. New York: New American Library.
4.Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
Idem. (1980). Social and prosocial behavior: Personal and situational influences and their interactions. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Idem. (1984). Steps toward a comprehensive theory of moral conduct: Goal orientation, social behavior, kindness and cruelty. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Idem. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Idem. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
5.Craig, The Germans.
6.Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. New York: Bantam Books.
7.Peters, E. (1985). Torture. New York & Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
8.Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932-7.
9.Sroufe, L. A. (1979). The coherence of individual development: Early care, attachment and subsequent developmental issues. American Psychologist, 34, 834-42.
Bertherton, I., & Waters, E. (Eds.). (1985). Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, vol. 34, nos. 1-2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10.Bertherton and Waters, Growing points.
Shaffer, D. R. (1979). Social and personality development. Monterey, Calif: Brooks-Cole.
11.Sroufe, Coherence of individual development.
12.Niebuhr, R. [1932] (1960). Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Reprint. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
13.There is much evidence for this from the observation of group behavior, and there is also evidence from psychological research:
Wallach, M. A., Kogan, N., & Bern, D. J. (1962). Group influences on individual risk taking. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 65, 75-86.
Latane, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
Mynatt, C, & Sherman, S. i. (1975). Responsibility attribution in groups and individuals: A direct test of the diffusion of responsibility hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 1111-18.
14.Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
15.Hilberg, R. (1961). The destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
16.Peck, M. S. (1983). People of the lie: The hope of healing human evil. New York: Simon & Schuster.
17.Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press.
Hilberg, Destruction.
18.Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority: An experimental view. New York: Harper & Row.
Sabini, J., & Silver, M. (1982). Moralities of everyday life. New York: Oxford University Press, Chap. 4.
19.Fromm, E. (1965). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.
20.Miller, A. (1983). For your own good: Hidden cruelty in child-rearing
