21.Kren, G. M., & Rappoport, L. (1980). The Holocaust and the crisis of human behavior. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.
22.Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton, Chap. 9.
23.Charny, I. W. (1982). How can we commit the unthinkable? Genocide: The human cancer. Boulder: Westview Press.
24.There has been a multitude of psychohistorical studies of Hitler. Some prominent ones are:
Binion, R. (1976). Hitler among the Germans. New York: Elsevier.
Waite, G. L. (1977). The psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler. New York: Basic Books.
For reviews, see:
Carr, W. (1978). Hitler: A study in personality and politics. London: Edward Arnold.
Kren & Rappoport, Holocaust.
25.Berghahn, V. R. (August 2, 1987). Hitler’s buddies. New York Times Book Review.
Abraham, D. (1987). The collapse of the Weimar Republic. New York: Holmes & Meier.
26.Staub, Social and prosocial behavior.
Idem, A conception.
Idem, Social behavior and moral conduct.
27.Dekmejian, R. H. (1986). Determinants of genocide: Armenians and Jews as case studies. In R. G. Hovannisian (Ed.), The Armenian genocide: A perspective. New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books.
28.Hartt, B. (1987). The etiology of genocides. In I. Walliman and M. N. Dobkowski (Eds.), Genocide and the modern age. New York: Greenwood Press, p. 43.
Chapter 3
1.Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Baron, R. A. (1977). Human aggression. New York: Plenum Press.
Berkowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2.Baron, Human aggression.
3.Ibid.
4.Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Idem. (1978). On human nature. New York: Bantam Books.
5.For genetic potential see:
Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
For genetic predisposition see:
Hoffman, M. L. (1981). Is altruism part of human behavior? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 121-37.
6.Baron, Human aggression.
Averill, Anger and aggression.
7.Averill, Anger and aggression.
Krebs, D. L., & Miller, D. T. (1985). Altruism and aggression. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology. Vol. 2, Special fields and applications. 3d ed. New York: Random House.
Mallick, S. K., & McCandless, B. R. (1966). A study of catharsis of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 591-6.
Pastore, N. (1952). The role of arbitrariness in the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 728-31.
Staub, E. (1971). The learning and unlearning of aggression: The role of anxiety, empathy, efficacy and prosocial values. In J. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence: Cognitive and physiological factors. New York: Academic Press.
8.Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Idem. (1980). Social and prosocial behavior: Personal and situational influences and their interactions. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
Idem. (1984). Steps toward a comprehensive theory of moral conduct: Goal orientation, social behavior, kindness and cruelty. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Idem. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, and the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Idem. (Forthcoming). Social behavior and moral conduct: A personal goal theory account of altruism and aggression. Century Series. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
9.See endnote 8.
10.Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Idem, Social and prosocial behavior.
Durkheim, E. (1961). Moral education. New York: Free Press.
Hoffman, M. L. (1970). Conscience, personality, and socialization technique. Human Development, 13, 90-126.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1984). Remapping the moral domain in personality research and assessment. Paper presented at the Ninety-second Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto.
11.Staub, Positive social behavior, vol. 1.
Idem, Social behavior and moral conduct.
12.Buss, A. H. (1971). Aggression pays. In J. L. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence. New York: Academic Press.
13.Bercheid, E., Boye, D., &Walster, E. (1968). Retaliation as a means of restoring equity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 370-6.
Walster, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Staub, The learning and unlearning of aggression.
14.Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-40.
15.Toch, H. (1969). Violent men. Chicago: Aldine.
16.Moore, B. (1978). Injustice: The social bases of obedience and revolt. White Plains, N. Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
17.Eron, L. D. (1982). Parent-child interaction, television violence, and aggression of children. American Psychologist, 37, 197-211.
Copeland, A. (1974). Violent black gangs: Psycho- and sociodynamics. Adolescent Psychiatry, 3, 340-53.
Bond, T. (1976). The why of fragging. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133, 1328-31.
18.Dodge, K. A., & Frame, C. L. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys. Child Development, 53, 620-35.
Parke, R. D., & Slaby, R. G. (1983). The development of aggression. In P. Mussen (Ed.), Manual of child psychology, vol. 4. 4th ed. New York: Wiley.
19.Perry, D. G., & Perry, L. C. (1974). Denial of suffering in the victim as a stimulus to violence in aggressive boys. Child Development, 45, 55-62.
20.Des Pres, T. (1976). The survivor: An anatomy of life in the death camps. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21.Gelinas, D. J. (1983). The persisting negative effects of incest. Psychiatry, 46, 312-32.
Denise Gelinas expanded the information provided in her article in the course of our discussion about incestuous fathers in the spring of 1986.
22.Becker, E. (1975). Escape from evil. New York: Free Press.
23.Epstein, S. (1973). The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory. American Psychologist, 28, 404-16.
Idem. (1980). The self-concept: A review and the proposal of an integrated theory of personality. In E. Staub (Ed.), Personality: Basic aspects and current research. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
24.Janoff-Bulman, R. (1985). The aftermath of victimization: Rebuilding shattered assumptions. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake. New York: Bruner/Mazel.
25.Reykowski, J., & Jarymowitz, M. (1976). Elicitation of the prosocial orientation. Unpublished manuscript, University of Warsaw.
26.Isen, A. M., Horn, N., & Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). Effects of success and failure on children’s generosity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 239-48.
27.Fromm, E. (1954). Escape from freedom. New York: Avon Books.
28.Tajfel, H. (Ed.). (1982).
