social characteristics, effects of, 14
social goal theory (see also personal goal theory) 28-33
social identity (see also societal self-concept), 42
social institutions, cultural characteristics of, 65-6
social justice: enablement and, 267-8; and group violence, 266-7; positive socialization and, 280
social standards as motivation, 37
socialists in Germany, 114
socialization: of children, and devaluation, 278; as orientation to authority, 198; positive, 279-81; value development in, 24-5
societal characteristics (see also cultural characteristics): deep structure (historical) of, 20; effects of, 18-20
societal self-concept, 251-2
societal tilt, 118-19
sociobiology and aggression, 52-3
sociopolitical organizations and culture, 65-6
Son Ngoc Thanh and Khmer Rouge ideology, 202-3
Son Sann, 209
Sonderkommando, duties of, 136
South Africa, killings in, 238
South America, Indian killings in, 85-6
Soviet Union: aggression idealization in, 54; anti-Semitism in, 20; on Argentine killings, 230; devaluation of U.S. in, 278; dissidents in, as mentally ill, 259; Estonian Jews immigration to, 161; extermination of citizens of, in Holocaust, 9; Hitler’s alliance with, 96; ideology of antagonism and, 251; as Khmer Rouge enemy, 202; national security ideology of, 255; peasant starvation in, 3; peer influence in, 51; prisoner mistreatment by, 97; prisoners of war from, rebellion of, 158; before revolution, 173, 174; Stalinist purges in, 20, 85; Ukrainian SS members from, 136-7; on U.N. genocide resolution, 8; United States relationship with, 242, 257; wars against, 49
Sparta, moral orientation of, 57
Special Troops (Einsatzgruppen), 9, 29, 135-6
spirituality needs, 265
SS: anti-Semitism of, 131, 136; authoritarianism and, 132-3; behavioral shifts of, 145-7; as breeders of master race, 97, 106; camouflage of victims’ fate by, 160; capacity for mistreatment, 66; characteristics of, 131-4, 144-5; comradeship in, 130; concentration camps of, 135-7, 141-4, 149, see also concentration camps; creation of, 128-9; Death’s Head Units of, 135; doctors in, see doctors in Holocaust; dormant violence in, 133-4; Einsatzgruppen of, 9, 29, 135-6; evolution of, 128-34; family background of, 132; family life of, 111; functions of, 128-34, 135-7; Gestapo operation by, 135; group identification rituals of, 60; Himmler as leader of, 128-9; “ideal,” 137-8; individual responsibility and, 148-9; Jewish property appropriated by, 129-30; kindness shown by, 140-1; lack of empathy in, 68-9; late joiners in, 141; learning by participation in, 134-7; mental health of, 91; military organization of, 78; moral equilibration in, 147; oath of, 129; in occupied territories, 153; opposition to Nazi policies by, 152; personal differences in, 138; prestige of, 129-30; psychology of, 91, 144-7; as protectors of Jews, 141; responsibility for actions shifted from, 84; role-person merging in, 137-41; sadism in, 140; selection of, 129-30; self-selection of, 134; sense of power in, 139-40; Sicherheitsdienst unit of, 135; “sleeper” concept and, 133-4; threats of Jewish emigration by, 155-6; training of, 78, 129, 134; Ukrainian guards in, 136-7; victim protection from, 81; Waffen SS division of, 97, 135
Stalinism: in Khmer Rouge ideology, 202; killings under, 20, 85
Stangl (Treblinka commandant), 132, 137
Star of David on clothing, 118
starvation: in Cambodian autogenocide, 11; in Holocaust camps, 9; international aid in, 4
Staub, Ervin: on learning by doing, 80; on motivation and personal goal theory, 22-3, 36-8; on prosocial value orientation, 86-7
Steiner, John, on SS member characteristics, 132-4
stereotyping: in ethnocentrism, 59-60; of German Jews, 102
sterilization of genetically inferior, 121
stormtroopers, see SA
stranger anxiety in infants, 59
stress, see difficult life conditions
Sturmabteilung, see SA
Styron, William, fiction about Poland, 154
subversives, Argentine military definition of, 224
suicide missions, fanatic nature of, 76
superordinate goals, 274-6, 279
survival vs. death of others, 45-6
Sweden, Danish Jews’ refuge in, 152
Tajfel, Henry, on group relations, 42n
television, aggression idealization in, 54
Teresa, Mother, 77
terrorism: as cultural ideal, 54; as evil, 26
Terrorism in Argentina publication, 216
threat: in aggression instigation, 35-6; perception of, 264; self-esteem and, 55
torture, and torturers: in Argentine mass killings, 11, 220-5; enjoyment of, 225; history of, 26; learning of, 82; perpetrators of, 70, 226-7; psychology of, 244-5; purposes of, 244; of women, 222, 224, 226
totalitarianism: in Cambodia, 197-8; Nietzsche’s view on, 113; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19, 125-7
tourism promoting group connections, 278
Toynbee, Arnold, on Armenians, 179
training (see also education): of Argentine military, 214-15; 219-20; of SS, 78, 129, 134; of torturers, 82
transcendence, need for, 265
Treaty of Versailles, 91-3, 116
Treblinka: camp song of, 68; commandant of, 132, 137; death and survival attitudes in, 45-6; inmate resistance in, 162
Trocme, Andre, as rescuer of Jews, 165
Trumpener, Ulrich, on Turkish genocide, 186
trust: within groups, 265-6; and positive reciprocity, 260
Tuol Sleng, killings at, 193
Turanism (and Pan-Turkism) ideology, 174, 181-2
Turkey (see also Turkish genocide of Armenians): Bulgarian massacres by, and William Gladstone’s reaction, 184-5
Turkish genocide of Armenians.Armenian “provocation” in, 178-80; authoritarianism and, 176; bureaucracy absent in, 29; bystander role in, 184-7; casualties in, 7, 10; continuum of destruction in, 176-7; cultural precondition in, 175-6, 233; devaluation of minorities in, 175-6; difficult life conditions preceding, 44, 173-5; Fonaticism in, 76; Germany as bystander in, 185-7; government uphearal before, 76; historical conditions preceding, 173-5; ideology of Pan-Turkism and, 174, 181-2; killing methods in, 177, 184; kurds in, 10, 177, 182; motivation for, 23; Naim-Andonian documents about, 183-4; orders for, 183; origins of, 232-5; vs. other genocides, 6-7, 176-7; overview of, 10; perpetrators in, 78; readiness for, 85; resistance in, 178; self-destructive nature of, 184; Turkish killings by Armenians and, 179; Van uprising in, 179-80; war effects on, 47; Young Turks in, 174, 176, 177, 178, 181-2
Ukraine: anti-Semitism in, 136; SS members from, 136-7
United Nations, genocide resolution of, 7-8
United States: aggressiveness in, 242; anti-Semitism in, 157; Argentina military training by, 214-15; in Argentine killings, 229-30; authoritarianism in, 242; bombing of Cambodia by, 190, 204-5; as bystander in Cambodian autogenocide, 208-9; cultural characteristics of, 241-2; devaluation of group in, 242; devaluation of Soviet Union in, 278; difficult life conditions in, 243; equality of opportunity values in, 55-6; genocide potential of, 241-3; ideology of antagonism and, 251; Indian killings in,
