personality: authority oriented, 73-5; of perpetrators, see perpetrators; potentially antisocial, 68, 71, 72-3
Phnom Penh: evacuation of, 10-11, 191-2, 193; history of, 196; refugees movement to, 190
Pinderhughes, C. A., on group self-concept, 253
Plaszow: commandant of, 138-9; Schindler at, 168; SS behavior at, 140
Plato on malleability of children, 206
Plaza del Mayo, Mothers of, 228-9
pluralistic society, 235; adaptation to change in, 19; Barry Goldwater’s support for, 271; cultural characteristics of, 51, 62-3; information flow and, 271-3; in United States, 242, 243, 271; war potential of, 256
pogroms, Jewish behavior in, 158-9
Pol Pot, 10-11; on Cambodian history, 196-7; fanaticism of, 76; ideology of, 17, 194-5, 199; opposition to, 194; role of, in genocide, 206-7; Yugoslavian visit by, 203
Poland: anti-Semitism in, 154; extermination of Poles in, 9; invasion by, staged by Hitler, 65; Jews of, 154, 162; labor/ extermination camps in, 9, see also concentration camps; Polish Home Army, 154; Solidarity movement in, 60; Warsaw ghetto, 139, 162
police (see also SS), self-selection of, 69-70
political conditions: in Argentina, 211-12; before Cambodian autogenocide, 189-91; in Holocaust origin, 32; violent, 14
political groups in genocide definition, 8
poor class: devaluation of, 56; disparate suffering of, 267
positive reciprocity, 259-60
positive socialization, 279-81
posttraumatic stress disorder, 30, 47-8, 114
Potash, Robert, on Argentine military, 214, 215, 218
potentially antisocial personality, 68, 71-3
power: aggression and, 40-1; of bystanders, 86-8; of human sacrifice, 149; inequality in, 262; leadership and, 270; national interest as, 257-8; as root of evil, 26; security needs and, 264; selection for, in group interaction, 262
prejudice (see also stereotyping), reduction of, 274
press: self-censorship of, 271-3; United States, on Holocaust, 156
prisoners (see also concentration camps): group support among, 269
privileged group: self-interest of, 263; self-protection of, 267
Proctor, Robert, on racial purity, 121-2
propaganda: added to existing anti-Semitism, 87; anti-Jewish, 103-4, 118, 120, 157; as justification for actions, 120; reinforcing effects of, 82-3; uses of, 272; value of, 238
prosocial value orientation, 38, 57
protest, see opposition to genocide; resistance
Protestants as Nazi supporters, 46
Prussian militaristic influences: on Argentine military, 219-20; on Holocaust, 106, 108-9; on SS training, 129
psychic numbing in difficult life conditions, 45
psychological needs (see also motives): coping methods and, 16-17; origin of, in difficult life conditions, 15-17; protection of, with aggression, 39
racial purity ideal, 94-5, 97; euthanasia and, 121-2; in SS, 129
Rank, Otto, on power and aggression, 40-1
rationality in Germany, 113
rationalization during threat, 163
Reagan, President Ronald, Soviet-U.S. relations and, 257
realist thinking, war proclivity and, 255-6
reality: difficult life conditions’ effects on, 15; group commitment and, 124; perceptions of, by fanatic, 76; uniform perception of, opposition stifled by, 65
reality denial: by bystanders, 88; in Holocaust, 29, 162-3; by victims, 31, 162-3
reality perception in group, 238
reciprocity: negative, 250; positive, 259-60
Red Khmer, see Khmer Rouge
Reich, Wilhelm, on psychology of fascism, 114
religious groups threatened by social change, 46-7
religious wars, brutality in, 3
rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9
resistance (see also opposition to genocide): in Belgium, 155; in Bulgaria, 154-5; by church leaders, 153; by Committee for the’ Defense of Jews, 155; in concentration camps, 162; dangers of, 152; in Denmark, 154; difficulty of, 149; in Holocaust, see Holocaust, resistance activity in; in Italy, 154; by Jews, 158, 162; limited, value of, 152; in occupied territories, 161-2; in Poland, 162; by rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9
resocialization: in Argentina, 219; definition of, 25; value changes in, 25
responsibility: of bystanders, 239-40; diminished sense of, 18, 83-4; of government, 25; of individuals, 25; of leaders, 18, 270-1; scapegoating and, 17
retaliation, aggression in, 39
Rifat, Merlanzade, on Turkish genocide, 183
Riza, Ahmed, and Turkish genocide, 178-9, 181
Rogers, Carl: on human nature, 26; on self-actualization, 268-9
Röhm, Ernst, SS killing of, 135
romanticism in Germany, 113
Rome, ancient: attitudes toward killing in, 24; Christian scapegoats in, 49
Roosevelt administration on Jewish immigration, 156
Rosenberg, Alfred: on Nazi ideology, 96, 97; on obedience, 109
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, on human nature, 26
Rushton, Philip, on aggression and altruism, 53n
Russia (after revolution), see Soviet Union
Russia (before revolution), Turkish conflicts with, 173, 174, 178
SA (Sturmabteilung, stormtroopers): anti-Semitism of, 131n; SS purge of, 135, 163; youth group membership of, 115
Sabato, Ernesto, on victim selection in Argentina, 220-1
sacrifice in continuum of benevolence, 276-8
Sadat, Anwar, peace efforts of, 257
sadism, 139-40
Saloth Sar, see Pol Pot
scapegoating: in aggression displacement, 64; of Armenians, 176; as coping mechanism, 48-9; for ideological ideals, 50; ingroup-outgroup differentiation and, 61-2; psychological need satisfaction and, 17; for World War I loss, 92
Schacht, Hjalmar, opposition by, 152
Schindler, Oscar, as rescuer of Jews, 77, 81, 140, 141, 166-8
Schmitt, Carl, as Nazi supporter, 107
Schmookler, Andrew, on arming and threat, 264; on selection for power, 262
schools, see education
Schutzstaffel, see SS
SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 135
secular humanism, attack on, 61–2
security, national, as ideology, 254-5
security echelon, see SS
security needs, importance of, 264-5
Segev, Tom, on SS membership, 130
self-acceptance, lack of, in perpetrators, 71-2
self-actualization in relationship to others, 268-9
self-awareness: and individual responsibility, 148; lack of, in perpetrators, 71-2; in nations, 253-4;
self-censorship of press, 271-3
self-concept, 234; of Argentine military, 214-17; burdensome, 266; deficient, combined with superiority feelings, 19; distortion of, 253-4; of Germans, 104-8; of groups, 18-19; of Khmer Rouge, 199-200; loss of, and aggression, 41; national, 49, 54-5; vs. “other-conception,” 251; of perpetrators, 70; realism in, 253-4; self-censorship and, 273; self-examination of, 254; societal, 251-2; threats to, 15-16, 35-6,49; of United States, 252
self-defense: aggression as, 39; in difficult life conditions, 15; psychological, 15, 39-40
self-esteem: of Germans, 104-8; promotion of, with aggression, 39-40; scapegoating and, 17; threats to, 35-6, 38, 54-5
self-interest: in group, 262-3; as root of evil, 26; as source of genocide, 85-6
self-perception, see self-awareness; self-concept
self-preservation vs. fanaticism, 28
Semai tribe, Malaysia, as nonaggressive society, 53-4
Sereny, Gita: on concentration camps, 46; on prisoner humiliation, 137
Shiites, fanaticism of, 76
Shoah (film), 68
Sicherheitsdienst, 135
Sihanouk, Norodom, see Norodom Sihanouk, Prince
slavery: abolition of, group action in, 261; in Cambodia, 196-7; in Athens, 57
“sleeper” concept, 133-4
Sobibor camp, inmate resistance in, 162
social change: adaptability and, 14-15; in Argentina, 86; artists’ influence on, 282; avenues for, 281-3; conservatives’ reaction to, 46-7; continuum of benevolence and, 276-7; crosscutting relations and, 274-6; in El Salvador, 86; euphemisms in, 282; families in, 280; group connections in, 278-9; group effects on, 261-2; in Guatemala, 86; hostility and, 64; in Iran, 14;
